I creature. If three or more symmetrical planes can be drawn through all the lines or any part of them, then this will be called polysymmetrical or radial. The butts are stems with crosswise opposite leaves (pairs of opposite leaves are spread out at two mutually perpendicular planes, so that the planes are symmetrical), cylindrical and knuckle stems of cacti, anatomical large parts and stems and roots, crowns of even rich flowers, such as cabbage, cloves, etc. (Fig. 197, 2 ); Polysymmetrical flower crowns are often called actinomorphic.
1 - monosymmetrical, chizygomorphic; 2 - polysymmetrical and actinomorphic; 3 - Asymmetrical kvitka.
If only two planes of symmetry can be drawn through the entire length or any part of it, then it is called bisymmetrical or bilateral. Such are the flat stems of prickly pear cacti, the sword-like leaves of iris, the stems with strictly rank-ordered leaves of mosses and cereals.
If only one symmetrical plane can be drawn through all the trees or any part of them, then this will be called monosymmetrical or sometimes simply symmetrical. The leaves of many plants are monometric, since the midrib divides them into two symmetrical halves - right and left (Fig. 198, 1 ). Monometric crowns with rich coils (Fig. 197, 1 ), for example, bratki, lefty ziva, shavliya, peas, beans, etc., are called zygomorphic.
Let us know that in most trees it is rare to have water through a tree or part of it, it is not possible to draw symmetrical planes of water,
That kind of Budova is called asymmetrical. Such, for example, are the uneven-sided leaves of elms (Fig. 198, 3 ), flowers in canny, valerian and in. (Fig. 197, 3 ).
Between the two designated types there are transitional and intermediate forms. One and the same organ can be differently symmetrical in different veins; for example, the stalks of cereals with noblely splayed leaves behind the anatomical frame are polysymmetrical, and behind the splayed leaves are bisymmetrical.
In horizontally woven parts of the ribs, there is a significant difference between the upper, so-called dorsal, and lower, or ventral parts; talk about such situations dorsoventral 10 budovu. Dorsoventrally, for example, there are more and more horizontally expanded leaves, both anatomically (Fig. 174) and also morphologically; stench of carnage in the farb, pubescent, protruding veins from below (Fig. 198, 2 ).
1 - monosymmetrical sheet; 2 - schematic cross-section of it, which shows dorsoventrality; 3 - Asymmetrical sheet.
Often the division of organs of plants is also divided into orthotropic and plagiotropic. Orthotropic 11 are called vertically standing organs, for example, the head stems of erect shoots, the head roots, which go straight into the ground. Plagiotropic 12 - organs, grown horizontally or under an oblique cut to the horizon, for example, barrel hilts, richly flat stitch-like or plates of the lower shoots. Alternatively, the very organ of the kidney can be orthotropic, and then, changing its position, become plagiotropic. There is a development both in normal minds (for example, in the vines of rich herbaceous shoots that rise), and also when they are damaged; For example, if the upper orthotropic page is cut into the yalinkas, then one of the closest ones, which would be plagiotropic during normal development, begins to grow upward and becomes orthotropic.
Symetry (Greek - proportionality) - proportionality in the arrangement of different objects in a group of them or other parts of an object, which is indicated by one or more distinct mirror planes (symmetry planes), so with metrically arranged objects or parts of them are seen one by one, like an object before your image in the mirror.
Type of Greek "polis" - rich.
Type of Latin "radius" - club, spoke of a wheel, radius, promin.
Types of Greek "aktis" - promin, "morphe" - form.
There are two main ways of creating floral designs - symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangement of the material.
I. Symetria
Since the main motive of the composition is located at its geometric middle, and the right and left sides are located on both sides, however, they are placed on the right side of the symmetrical composition.
Since the main motive of the laces is over the center, and there are different sides on both sides, a distinctly asymmetrical composition emerges.
Let's take a look at the symmetrical side of everyday life and the rules and regulations.
The principle of creating a symmetrical composition
The entire composition - an additional line, of course - must pass through its geometric middle. It happens at the same time and throughout the entire symmetry.
The optical center of gravity must be on the axis, and therefore the main motive of the composition must be on this additional line. We visually divide the composition itself into two halves.
Symetry occurs:
* mirror (material of mirror arrangement shodo osі), Fig. 1
* zorova (optical - made with the help of similar color solutions, we put it on our different materials), Fig. 4
* vertical, figure 1
* horizontal, Fig. 4
* radial or exchangeable (most often avoided in round robots, such as wreaths), Fig. 2 and 3
*symmetry when staging a number of robots, so called group symmetry (works are rotated on a new platform, they can be similar to the material)
Everything that is on one side may be repeated on the other side, with a new color and appearance, expanding to the same position as the axis of the group and being at the same height and depth.
This harmony may be optically vibrant. The external appearance on the right is similar to the external appearance of the evil one, although in fact the number of colors in the flower composition on different sides may be different. For example, our denunciation, as it seems to us, has two halves, but we are surprised by the obvious songs of sublimity.
The flow and stagnation of symmetrical everyday life
Symmetrical pobudova is also called suvora or architectural.
The symmetrical composition is easy to understand; it flows clearly as strictly as a geometric figure. Thus, it is especially clear and peaceful, statically calm and architecture. Its synonyms are: isolation, concentration, calm, pride, severity, triumph.
Therefore, the principle of symmetry is suitable for a decorative or official appearance, embellishing a church saint, decorating a stage for saints.
Florists use such symmetrical compositions: shaped trees, garlands, flower columns or flower pyramids, decorative arrangements and flower walls.
If the florist wants to soften the severity of the symmetrical decor, the wines can be used with more bold motifs, lighter and more subtle colors, and delicately hanging shapes.
Compositions, wycones in a decorative style, have geometrically clear contours and demonstrate clarity and simplicity, like wycones in a decorative style and have drops, domes, and cone-like shapes.
Form-linear exposures are rarely symmetrical. But in these cases the stench is insignificant and attractive.
While the symmetry may be correctly infused in the central perspective, the composition must be established accordingly.
Symetry in the middle of the group
At the center there is a head element, additional ones are on the equal part of the head. There may be 2 axes of symmetry.
II. Asymmetry
In contrast to the strict order of symmetry, asymmetry is called free order. If we want freedom, that innocence is truly evident. The florist is obliged to know the rule of balance and balance it, and therefore the creation of asymmetrical compositions is more complex than symmetrical.
Principles of creating an asymmetrical composition
The first and most important principle is that the main motive cannot be placed in the geometric middle of the composition, otherwise the group will be symmetrical. Most often, the main motive is to place the main square at the right and left third.
Between the geometric middle and the main motive and the most basic motive lie the entire group with its center of gravity. It may be installed more sensitively, and not geometrically, as with a symmetrical structure.
All the parts that complement the main motif are different in appearance, height and depth. The head part is divided into another row, and on the other side of the group there is a third, which represents the optical alignment. There is a law of importance here, and since fewer and, apparently, lighter images are associated with the main motive, then there can be a lot of steps to achieve the balance of the entire group.
The balance can be adjusted in the following ways:
* Replacing the optical shaft of the main or other row parts
* Visible or nearby parts to the group axis
* Up to three main elements can be added to other parts of the exhibition.
The main figure of asymmetry is an uneven-sided tricut, which combines three motifs. In all asymmetrical structures - from small stands to large flower decorations - wine plays a great role.
Infusion of asymmetrical structure
The principle of asymmetry, as it is said above, is also called a special order, so the florist can group the exhibition without any regularity. Its parts look at once as if they were collected inviolably.
It is difficult to create an asymmetrical exposure, since not everything in it is ordered by the same rules of geometry. The guardian may often think she is beautiful without realizing that she screams so loudly. It makes the asymmetrical group attractive and the imagination has an undeniable potential here.
The influx of asymmetrical compositions is loud, free, inviolable, and spontaneous. Since the skin part is not repeated, the features become more visible and effective, less symmetrical. One can feel the roar, the action and the antidote, sounding. Therefore, asymmetry is more important than the essence of all living material in the exhibition.
In this way, the vitality and developments, the freedom and diversity of questions and growths in asymmetrical groupings are expressed more beautifully than in symmetrical ones. This infusion can be achieved through a rich combination of colors with soft tones, or even solid graphic forms.
You can soften asymmetry with the help of a clear one or two colors, or with the help of symmetrically designed other parts.
Formation of asymmetrical structure
Vaughn is suitable for all vegetative, form-linear styles. Asymmetrical groupings allow the eye to freely move through all parts of the exposure, while a symmetrical grouping draws the eye to the middle.
In great decorations and thematic exhibitions, asymmetry is often used because it has a cheerful, cheerful and romantic effect. And in a plaintive composition one can only be victorious if one wants to speak out against the person of the deceased.
In most plants, flower parts form good whorls or cola (cycles). The greatest width of the five-circles is the penta- and tetracyclic cells. The number of egg parts per skin may vary. Most often, the flowers are pentacyclic: two stakes of flowers (calyx and crown), two stakes of larvae (androecium) and one circle of carpels (gynoecium). This kind of expansion of quotas is not typical for lily, amarylisovykh, Tsvyakhovikh, geraniums. In tetracyclic cells, two colos of color develop: one colo androecium and one colo gynoecium ( iris,orchids, crash, euonymus, norichnikov, lip flowers ta in.).
Sometimes, beware of a change in the number of cells and members in them (coverless, single-piece cells) or an increase (especially in garden forms). A pot with a larger number of kol is called terry. The terryness is associated with the splitting of the pellets in the process ontogeny kvіtki, or from turning parts of larvae into pellets.
In everyday life, the flowers show certain patterns, let's look at them rule of multiples. Its essence lies in the fact that in different colas the cells are, however, a multiple of the number of members. Majority monocots roslins most often have trimembers, hydrocotyledons- five-membered, sometimes two-membered ( cabbage, poppy) Kvitki. This rule is often avoided in the gynoecium cola, whose number of members is smaller than in other colas.
Majority covered with blue all parts of the flower are spread out on the flower bed in the form of concentric rings (the flower is circular, cyclical). In other cases ( magnolia, swimsuit, shaking) stinks are arranged in a spiral (the coil is spiral, acyclic). Sometimes some parts of the cake are spread in stakes, others in a spiral (the cake is rolled, hemicyclic or spirocyclic). In the rest, coloring is cyclical, and the larvae and queen are spirally growing ( zhovtets), and the filizhanka is spiral, and other parts of the kvitka are cyclical ( shipshina). Please respect that the evolutionary acyclic cycles are archaic and cyclical, so that they settled down in the process of evolution before the rest.
In the book, the spirals are expressed by the very formulas that leafrosetashuvannya. Sometimes the stench is even stronger, especially among the larvae. In the cyclical circles of the big one, it is clearly visible that the members of any stake fight with the members of the judiciary stakes, and why not resist them. Zvidsi withdraw Cherguvannya rule. Since the larvae are separated from two stakes, the outer stake becomes anti-cup, and the members of the inner stake resist the pellets. The use of this rule also results from reduction one element, so that when moving from a pentacyclic to a tetracyclic cycle, either the outer one is saved ( crash), or the inner circle ( euonymus).
[ed.]Symetry of the kvitka
One of the characteristic rice buds is kvitka - її symmetry. Due to the peculiarities of symmetry, the cards are divided into actinomorphic, or more correctly, through which you can draw a number of symmetrical planes, the skin of which can be divided into two equal parts ( parasolkovi, cabbage), - і zygomorphic, or incorrectly, through which it is possible to draw only one vertical plane of symmetry ( beans, cereals).
Since it is not possible to draw symmetrical water planes through the tube, it is called asymmetrical, or asymmetrical (Valeriana Likarska, cannovi).
Following the analogy with actinomorphy, zygomorphy and asymmetricity of the flower, we can talk about actinomorphy, zygomorphy and asymmetricity Vinochka.
For a short and mental purpose, the quotas will be frozen formulas, in which, in addition to the letter and digital values, various morphological characters are encoded: the length and symmetry of the reticulum, the number of coli in the reticulum, as well as the number of members in the cutaneous coli, the length of the parts of the reticulum and the position of the utricle (upper or lower ) ovary).
Quote diagram. 1 - all the flowers, 2 - prikvittya, 3 - sepal, 4 - pelyuska, 5 - chickweed, 6 - gynoecium, 7 - crooked leaf.
The greatest external announcement about Budova is to give tickets diagrams, which represent a schematic projection of the flower onto a plane perpendicular to the axis of the flower and passes through the leaf, which is all sutsvitya or else in the meantime, on which the card is drawn.
Hello, friends!
Before the 8th of February, I want to talk about beauty, about women, about flowers. I float with the saint of spring, may spring envelop creativity and beauty! And the day I live with love, I will be happy.
I will continue the series of articles about kvitka ta її budova. Let's talk about the most beautiful part of the flower - the crown. From a botanical point of view, the crown is the inner part of the undergrowth. I would like to marvel at the gift of a bouquet on the 8th of February under the new holiday. And from the pellets you can create a herbarium.
Why was the pelyuska called that?
The petals hatched from sterile larvae, sometimes from leaves. I’ll take my name “pelyustka” away from the old word “pelyustka”, which is how a leaf was affectionately called in Russia.
But I suspect that the name came from the same word as the word “lipy” - garniy.
Another one is rarely used and has a name that is important to note - vincelistic.
Do you really care why they gave you this name?
WHO IS KVITZI'S KING?
(
Call the petal
Wencelistik, my friend.
Wear your crown,
Ale crown from cardboard.
Who is the right king?
Who is the Queen's sovereign?
Ceremony and larvae,
Why sit in the middle?
Vencelistic means crowned, royal, reigning leaf. The pellets are reminiscent. The stench is needed to maintain the respect of the drinkers. All the right kings in the quart are the queen and the chicks.
Budova ta tipi pelyustok
The number of peles in a crown varies from 1-2 to 120 and more for terry forms. Most often, the number of pellets is fixed. The most popular number of petals in kvitkahs is 3, 4, 5 and 6.
The pellets should be left empty, as the cells are rich in vacuoles with pigments, causing stagnation.
If the pellets are surprised by the light, we will notice that they have tube-like veins. Behind them, the pelyuts take away food and water. The head vein runs through the middle of the pellet, and there is a small vein.
The classic pelust has a wide part - the idgin, and a narrow part - the nigtik. The nail can be long or short. The roses from the crossflower family - cabbage, mustard - are filled with apologies.
RIDDLE ABOUT M'YATA
(
Sit spicy Fedul,
I immediately pout my lips.
Who yogo zirve,
The fresh smell will always be there.
Some wreaths have similar pellets, which gives them wet names.
Have a wreath of mint, shavliya. The basil petals grew in a special order and formed the upper and lower lips.RIDDLE ABOUT Vinochok PEA
(
What kind of chavnik is this?
She raised her ensign.
Zliva, they are raking on the right,
Nemov krila, two oars.
Tse choven ne plive,
And in my garden there is growth!
A in legume plants, the petals may bear two names (a marvelous diagram above). The upper large pelust is called a sail or ensign, the barrels are called oars or wings, and the lower pelust is called a sail or a keel. This kind of wine is called snowflake. Before speaking, the early name of the family of legumes is metelikov.
It’s not only among the blizzards that there are flags. Irises have a crown color. These pellets are organized in two stakes. The upper part is raised like an ensign on a parade, therefore its parts are called ensigns or standards (standards). The three parts of the lower part are extended to the bottom, they are called foley (folsey). Foley makes a beard - a path of hairs, which tells the mosquitoes to go to the nectar. Foley - small airfields for komaks.
Symetry of the kvitka
There is another important concept associated with the flower – the symmetry of the flower. Therefore, how many planes of symmetry can we draw from each one. Two or more planes of symmetry form a regular (actinomorphic) coil. These are the flowers of carnation, grass, phlox, sweet potato, night red.
Just one symmetry area contains an irregular (zygomorphic) flower. Characteristic for kvass, robin, acacia, and mint flowers.
And the days of the kvitka always do without symmetry (asymmetrical). For example, in canni and valeriani.
Biological game from the mirror "The importance of the symmetry of the flower"
As a child, my son had game books such as “Karapuz” about Alice in Behind the Mirror and Karlitsa Nosi. Before them, the little girl got a mirror made of foil, which, like before illustrations, could be used to discover new images with the help of symmetry. For example, turn the gut into an owl. Vaughn was forced to play with only one plane of symmetry.
And I thought that I could also play with the gift rings. I ask you to take a mirror (straight shape without a rim) and go to the garden flowerbed. This mirror can be made from powder boxes.
To replace the mirror for babies, you can take baby foil safely. The images need a little clarity, but symmetry can be emphasized. Foil foil has another advantage - it can be used to test different kinds of cakes.
KVITOCHNE MIRROR
(
Take the mirror with you,
We'll go for a walk with you in the garden.
Let's dim the mirror clearly,
Uzdovzh kvitochki, in the middle.
Symmetrical vertical look
Display the mirror.
We put the mirror up against it.
There is no symmetry. Have you heard? -
Marvel at you, friend,
The ticket itself is incorrect.
This is a great original.
I don’t care about the rules.
Is the image more symmetrical?
Zustrich checks with the check with decorum.
And in the canons it is understood
This is the CORRECT quote.
With symmetry on you,
All rumored facts.
And this one has flowers -
Very marvelous sides.
We put a mirror like that,
There is no symmetry whatsoever.
Your acquaintance is special
Checks on an ASYMMETRICAL check.
Zavodannya for shodennik doslidzhenya
The fairies are hurrying up with new tasks for the young followers - take the mirror and carry out investigationsfor the symmetry of cardsin your garden, on the windowsill or in the boy’s flowerbed.
1. Take a collection of photographs of regular, irregular and asymmetrical flowers to grow in your garden or park.
2. Conduct investigation. Indulge in a number of regular, irregular and asymmetrical ones. Think about what might be associated with your discomfort in your joints. How was symmetry the first, how did it appear later?
3 . Bring respect to the veins of the pellets, paint them with a flourish. Align the veins on the leaves of the plant and on the petals. What's the difference? Show caution in your work.
4. Pay attention to the trees, in which the veins on the petals are visible in color, or show additional growth, fluff, and humps.
5. Look around the flower beds in the garden and pick out any petals that are scorching. You can create a herbarium from themwithout shkodi for roslin ta vikorystuvatifor the student, research and creative applications.
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Black bleached roses are destroyed, we need to be careful with it. |
Create a herbarium of pellets, frame the collection on cardboard, sign the receipt for the pellet. Can be placed collection into the frame from the angle. If you remember that the barley is burning in the light, it is better to place the frame and serve it as a direct exchange.
6. A collection of petals can be collected from fresh flowers, posted on the page, photographed, and then signed with a graphics editor. Or you can paint the petals in life-size, outlining them, using paint or watercolor paints.
7. From the pellets of Troyandi, boil the jam and make tea. Red tea made from hibiscus flower pellets is called hibiscus. If you add zukor, a drink similar to a broth of shishina and compote, instantly. Try preparing a refreshing drink from hibiscus pellets or from your garden. The pellets of purchased trojans are not suitable for tea; the fragments of them should be doused with chemicals.
8. When the irises bloom, you will find the upper and lower parts of the flower, the prapori and the foli. Look at the significance of the beard. What kind of beard is visible on aphids? Pick up a collection of amazing irises.
Prehistory The phenomenon of symmetry (in biology) in living nature was discovered in Ancient Greece by the Pythagoreans (5th century BC) in connection with the development of their concept of harmony. At 19th Art. One by one, robots appeared dedicated to the symmetry (in biology) of plants (French authors O. P. Decandolle, O. Bravo), creatures (German E. Haeckel), biogenic molecules (French A. Vechan, L. Pasteur, etc.) . At 20 tbsp. Bioobjects were based on the position of the fundamental theory of symmetry (in biology) (Radian theories of Yu. V. Wolf, V. N. Beklemishev, B. K. Weinstein, Dutch physical chemist F. M. Yeger, English crystallographer and with J. Bernal ) that rite about rightness and levity (Radyan's rites V. I. Vernadsky, V. V. Alpatov, G. F. Gause and others; German ceremonies V. Ludwig). These robots were brought to light in 1961. especially directly in the knowledge about symmetry (in biology) biosymmetry.
Mirror symmetry Mirror symmetry is well known to every person from everyday caution. As the name itself shows, mirror symmetry relates to any object that is reflected in a flat mirror. It seems that one figure (or body) is mirror-symmetrical, but at the same time they create a mirror-symmetrical figure
If one half of an object is a mirror twin to the other half, such an object is called mirror-symmetrical. The maple leaf is symmetrical. If you bend it along the middle vertical stem-vein, then the parts that come out will come together one by one. You can carry out evidence from the mirror; From the image in the mirror, add half of the arch to the whole. Therefore, the maple leaf has a mirror-like symmetry.
The concept of central symmetry is as follows: “The figure is called symmetrical to the point Pro, since the skin point of the figure is symmetrical to the point Pro and also corresponds to this figure. Point O is called the center of symmetry of the figure.” It seems that the figure has central symmetry. Central symmetry
Rotational symmetry Among the colors, rotational symmetries of different orders are avoided. Many kvits have a characteristic power: the knuckle can be turned so that the skin pellet takes the position of the judge, and the knuckle is united with itself. This kind of flower covers all symmetrical dimensions. The minimum step that requires turning the knob around the axis of symmetry so that it joins itself is called the elementary step of turning the axis. This coat for different colors is not the same, however. For iris the value is 120º, for twin – 72º, for narcissus – 60º. The entire rotation can be characterized by another quantity called the axis order and shows how many times the rotation will occur during a 360º rotation. The same branches of the iris, the little girl and the narcissus move the axes of the third, fifth and sixth orders in a similar manner. Especially often, the fifth-order symmetry is lost in the middle of the equations. These are the same field flowers as the twinkle, the forget-me-not, the wildflower, the goose feather, and so on; clumps of fruit trees - cherry, apple, pear, tangerine, clumps of fruit and berry trees - sunitsa, ozhina, raspberries, shipshina; garden flowers - nasturtium, phlox, etc.
Rotational symmetry The coil of the pin can be rotated about a straight line, which is equal to 360º/n (or a multiple of it), and it will fold in with itself. Qiu is directly called a rotary weight of the 5th order. The brother's cage closes by itself only when turning 360º. This means that this book is of the first order.
Rotational symmetry of the 5th order. “Everything is used as its own tool in the fight for sleep, insurance against rockiness, against crystallization, the first step of which was “caught” by grates” (N. V. Belov) Rotational symmetry of the 5th order is sharp Read: at the spring, meadow geranium , forget-me-nots, St. John's wort, cherries, pears, gorobins, glodu, shishins.
Axial symmetry The concept of axial symmetry is presented in the following way: “A figure is called symmetrical and straight, because for the skin point of the figure its symmetrical point is straight and also follows this figure. Straight a is called the entire symmetry of the figure.” It would seem that the figure has axial symmetry.
Gwent symmetry The body (or figure) has a gwent symmetry wrapper, which when rotated 360º/n, where n is a whole number, for any straight line AB (all symmetry) it completely joins in its their current provisions. Since the number n is more significant than 2, 3, 4, etc., all symmetries are called the verse of another, third, etc. in order.
The stem of the tree grows in a whole symmetry. In the dormouse, the skin leaf appears after turning by 72 degrees. The leaves on the stem grow in a spiral so that, without looking at one alone, you can absorb the dormouse color. This botanical phenomenon is called phyllotaxis (literally, leaf weaving).
Symetry of a cone The symmetry of a cone is visible on the butt of almost any tree. The tree, behind the help of the root system, absorbs the moisture and living roots from the ground, then from below, and other important functions of life are crowned by the crown, then to the animal. Slumpness is also symmetry People pass on their slump signs from generation to generation. Likewise, growing up, passing from one generation to the next, is careful about preserving the ancient powers. So today a new dormouse grows up with the same majestic cat flowers, and it also rightly turns to the Sun. This is also symmetry, which is called compactness.
Life arose in symmetrical forms “On Earth, life arose in spherically symmetrical forms, and then began to develop behind the two head lines: the light of the growths was created, which follows the symmetry of the cone, and the light of creatures with the bilateral symmetry Ieyu" (M. Gardner)
1. Symetry penetrated the Roslin world and became the dominant land there. 2. In the world of flowers, there are bilateral (mirror), alternating, rotational, cone symmetry, axial, central, fall symmetry, screw symmetry. 3. In any plant you can find any part that has axis, central or screw symmetry. 4. Central symmetry is most characteristic of fruits and plants. 5. The symmetry of shapes and the combination of colors gives them beauty. visnovki
Vikoristan literature: L. Tarasov “This completely symmetrical world.” Biology Basic textbook for 6th grade. Image of Microsoft Office. M. Gardner “This is the right, the left light.”
