A man of husbands and a lover of wives, Gaius Julius Caesar is a great Roman commander and emperor, who became famous for his military exploits, as well as for his character, through which he became a ruler. Julius is one of the most famous rulers who was in control of Ancient Rome.

The exact date of this people’s birth is unknown; historians have taken it into account that Gaius Julius Caesar was born on 100 rubles. BC Historians of most countries accept this date, but in France they respect that Julius was born on the 101st day. The German historian, who was alive at the beginning of the 19th century, once said that Caesar was born in 102. BC, the proclamation of Theodor Mommsen is not discussed in current historical literature.

Such divergences of biographers are echoed by ancient pershoggerels: ancient Roman times also diverged in the Duma right up to the anniversary of Caesar’s birth.

The Roman emperor and commander came from the honorable family of Patricia Yuliev. Legends say that this dynasty began with Aeneas, who, according to ancient Greek mythology, became famous during the Trojan War. And Aeneas’s fathers came from the family of the Dardanian kings Anchises and the goddess of beauty and love Aphrodite (after Roman mythology Venus). The story of Julia's divine journey was known to the Roman nobility, so this legend was successfully spread by the ruler's relatives. Caesar himself, in his time of need, loved to guess that there were Gods in his family. There are still hypotheses that the Roman emperor was a descendant of the Julius family, who were the ruling power at the beginning of the founding of the Roman Republic in the V-IV centuries BC.

For now, there will also be a lot of massacres around the Emperor's nickname "Caesar". Perhaps one of the Julius dynasty was born after the death of Caesar. The name of the procedure is similar to the word caesarea, which means “royal”. On another thought, someone from the Roman family was born with long and long hair, which was signified by the word “caeserius”.

The future politician’s family lived in abundance. Caesar's father Gaius Julius served in the sovereign settlement, and his mother came from the honorable family of Cott.

Although this commander would be able to succeed, the dynasty of Caesar passed through the Roman region of Subura. This area was inhabited by women of easy behavior, and also the poorest people lived there. Ancient historians describe Subura as a brooding and Syrian region populated by the intelligentsia.

Caesar's fathers celebrated their son's miracle: the boy studied philosophy, poetry, oratory, and also developed physically, taking up equestrian sports. The last gal Mark Antony Gniphon taught the young Caesar literature and etiquette. Whether the youngsters took up serious and exact sciences, such as mathematics and geometry, history and law, is unknown to biographers. Gaius Julius Caesar, having rejected Roman education, became a patriot from childhood and did not recognize the influx of fashionable Greek culture.

Approximately 85 BC Having lost his father, Caesar, as a single man, became the head of the year.

Politics

When the boy was 13 years old, the future commander was taken from the priest of the head God in Roman mythology, Jupiter - this title is one of the main posts of the current hierarchy. However, this fact cannot be called the pure merits of the young man, because Caesar’s sister, Julia, was friends with Mary, a long-time commander and political figure.

In order to become a flamen, Julia Mav became friends with the law, and the army chief Cornelius Cinna (having assigned the lad the role of a sacrifice) chose a bride for Caesar - the powerful daughter Cornelia Cinilla.

At the age of 82, Caesar had a chance to flow from Rome. The reason for this was the inauguration of Lucius Cornelius Sulli Felix, which defied dictatorial and crooked policies. Sulla Felix, presenting to Caesar to separate from Cornelia's squad, the future emperor was convinced that he had provoked the wrath of the dignified commander. Gaius Julius was also exiled from Rome, because he was a relative of the opponent Lucius Cornelius.

Caesar was given the title of Flamin, as well as the title of the squad and the Vlasny Main. Dressed in poor clothes, Julius had the opportunity to flow from the Great Empire.

Friends and relatives asked Sulli to have mercy on Julius, and through their troubles Caesar turned to fatherland. Moreover, the Roman emperor did not find any problems in the person of Julius and said that Caesar was the same as Mari.

Even though life under the rule of Sulli Felix was unbearable for the Romans, Gaius Julius Caesar destroyed the Roman province and Asia Minor in order to learn the military craft. There he became an ally of Marcus Minucius Thermus, lived near Bethany and Cilicia, and also took part in the war against the Greek city of Metilene. Accepting his fate from the captured city, Caesar captured the soldier, as a result of which he took away the civil crown (oak wreath) from his friend for his importance in the city.

In 78 BC Unsuitable for Sulli's activity, the residents of Italy tried to organize a fight against the crooked dictator. The initiator was the military commander and consul Marcus Emilius Lepidus. Mark asked Caesar to take the part of the rebels against the emperor, aka Julius Vidpova.

After the death of the Roman dictator, in 77 BC. Having stood before the judges with a brilliant oratorical proclamation, the Protestants of Sullan were left to suffer punishment. Caesar's accusations were recorded in manuscripts and passed down to Ancient Rome. However, Julius was obliged to improve his oratorical skills and destroyed Rhodes: A reader, the rhetorician Apollonius Molon, lives on the island.

On the way to Rhodes, Caesar was buried by local pirates, who were asking for a ransom for the future emperor. While in full, Yuliy was not afraid of the robbers, but, on the contrary, feasted on them and ate from them. After the release from the guarantors, Yulia disbanded the squadron and surrendered to the pirates. Caesar was not able to bring the robbers to trial; he decided to swindle the criminals. And through the softness of Yulia’s character, she immediately punished them by killing them, and then by burning them on the cross, so that the robbers would not suffer.

At 73 r. BC Yuliy went to the warehouse of a large group of victims, which was formerly the brother of Caesar’s mother, Gaius Aurelius Cotta.

In the 68th century BC, Caesar befriends Pompey, the relative of Gaius Julius Caesar's comrade-in-arms and then greatest enemy, Gaius Julius Pompey. Two years later, the emperor removes the seat of the Roman magistrate and begins to improve the capital of Italy, organizes urban cleanliness, and helps the poor. And having given up the title of senator, he becomes involved in political intrigues, which is how he gains popularity. Caesar accepted the fate of the Leges frumentariae (“grain laws”), for which the population bought bread at a reduced price or was taken away without cost, as well as in 49-44 BC. Yuliy carried out few reforms

Viiny

The Gallic War is the most prominent event in the history of Ancient Rome and the biography of Gaius Julius Caesar.

Caesar became proconsul, and at that time Italy took over the province of Narbonne Galia (territory of New France). Julius failed in negotiations with the leader of the Celtic tribe to Geneva, fragments of the Helvetii began to move through the invasion of the Germans.

The great oratorical mystique of Caesar was able to persuade the leader of the tribe not to set foot on the territory of the Roman Empire. However, the Helvetii went as far as Central Galiya, where they lived as allies of Rome. Caesar, who retraced the Celtic tribe, splitting their army. At the same time of Julius, the German Suevians attacked the Gallic lands, located on the territory of the Rhine River. After the war, the emperor wrote a book about the conquest of Gaul, “Notes on the Gallic War.”

In the 55th century BC, the Roman military leader defeated the German tribes, which came later and Caesar himself decided to visit the territory of the Germans.

Caesar - the first commander of Ancient Rome, who carried out his military campaign on the territory of the Rhine: Julia's encampment was covered with a specially built 400-meter bridge. However, on the territory of Germany, the army of the Roman commander did not bother, and tried to launch a campaign against Volodynia in Britain. There, the military leader gained a number of victories, the position of the Roman army became unstable, and Caesar had to invade. Before that, 54 years BC Julia began to turn to Gaul in order to suppress the rebellion: the Gauls overturned the Roman army due to their numbers, otherwise they would be defeated. Until 50 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar restored the territories that belonged to the Roman Empire.

During the course of his military campaigns, Caesar showed both strategic wisdom and diplomatic wisdom, being able to manipulate the Gallic leaders and insinuate them against them.

Dictatorship

After the collapse of Roman power, Julius became a dictator and became a leader. Caesar changed the structure of the Senate, and finally remade the social structure of the empire: the lower classes were no longer persecuted by Rome, as long as the dictator was limited to the payment of subsidies and the distribution of grain was shortened.

Also, while in the seat, Caesar is busy with everyday life: a new life was created in Rome in the name of Caesar, where elections were held for the Senate, and in the central square of the capital of Italy the idol of the patron saint of the family of the Julians was erected , Goddess Venus. Caesar was named emperor, whose images and sculptures decorated the temples and streets of Rome. The every word of the Roman commander was compared to the law.

Special life

Cream Cornelia Cinilli and Pompeii Sulli, the Roman emperor had more wives. Julia's third squad was Calpurnia Pisonis, who resembled a noble plebeian family and was a distant relative of Caesar's mother. In marriage to the commander, the girl was seen in 59 BC.

If we talk about Caesar’s sexual life, the Roman dictator was generous and had relationships with wives on the side.

It is also possible that Julius Caesar was bisexual and had sexual relations with men, for example, historians will remember the youth’s hundred-year-olds with Nycomedos. It is possible that such stories are of little use to the fact that they were trying to wash Caesar.

If we talk about the famous politicians, then one of the wives of the military leader was Servilia - the squad of Marcus Junius Brutus, and his friend was named consul Junius Silanus.

Caesar, being kind to the love of Servilia, tried to defeat the beloved son of Brutus, who had earned one of his first duties in Rome.

The most famous wife of the Roman Emperor is the Egyptian Queen. At the time of her meeting with the ruler, who was born in the 21st century, Caesar was over fifty: the laurel wreath covered the fox, and there were wrinkles on her face. Undeterred for ever, the Roman emperor, having won over the young beauty, the happy sleep of those who died lasted 2.5 years and ended when Caesar was killed.

It is clear that Julia Caesar has two children: a daughter from her first love, Julia, and a son born from Cleopatri, Ptolemy Caesarion.

Death

The Roman Emperor died on the 15th century 44 BC. The cause of death was the convoy of senators who were fighting through the dictator’s even-handed rule. The serpent took part in 14 people, the main one being Marcus Junius Brutus, son of Servilia, the emperor's servant. Caesar loved Brutus dearly and trusted him, placing the young man in a position and protecting him from difficulties. Prote republican Mark Junius, for the sake of political purposes, was ready to kill someone who endlessly encouraged him.

Some ancient historians believed that Brutus was the son of Caesar, since Servilius had a small love affair with the commander at the time of the conception of the future conscription, but this theory cannot be confirmed by reliable evidence.

According to the legend, the day before the call against Caesar, Calpurnia’s squad had a terrible dream, about the Roman emperor who was extremely trusting, having already recognized himself as a fatalist - believing in the madness of his soul.

The members of the military gathered from the city, where the Senate was being assembled at the Theater of Pompeii. No one wanted to become the same killer of Julius, the evildoers decided that they would kill the dictator with one single blow.

The long-time Roman historian Suetonius wrote that when Julius Caesar asked Brutus, “Are you, my child?”, and in his book he wrote the famous quote: “Are you, Brutus?”

The death of Caesar was hastened by the fall of the Roman Empire: the inhabitants of Italy, who valued Caesar's order, fell out of favor with those who killed the great emperor. When Caesar gave his allies the names of the only descendant, Gaius Octavian.

The life of Julius Caesar, as well as the stories about the commander, are explained with simple facts and riddles:

• The month of Lipen is named after the Roman Emperor;
• Caesar's companions insisted that the emperor had suffered from the attacks of epilepsy;
• During the hour of the gladiatorial battles, Caesar was steadily writing paper on the arches. As if the ruler was asked how he manages to finish two orders at once? What do you need to know about: “Caesar can do three things at once: write, marvel, and hear.”. This way, having become a villain, some people quarrelsomely call the man who immediately takes hold of his hand as Caesar;
• In almost all photographic portraits, Gaius Julius Caesar stands in front of a laurel wreath. It’s true that in life the commander often wore this triumphal headdress, having started to die early;

• About 10 films have been made about the great commander, but not all are of a biographical nature. For example, in the series “Rome” the ruler remembers the rebellion of Spartacus, whose actions have always been respected, because the two commanders are bound by those who were part of the party;
• Phrase "Priyshov has changed his mind" bequeath to Gaius Julius Caesar: the commander who lived after the capture of Turecchini;
• Caesar Vicorist created a code for secret communication with the generals. Although the “Caesar cipher” is primitive: not a word was replaced by this symbol, which is left or right in the alphabet;
• The famous Caesar salad is named not in honor of the Roman ruler, but in honor of the cook who created the recipe.

Quote

• "Victory lies in the valor of the legions."
• “If you love one, call it what you want: slavery, cunning, respect... But it’s not love - love is always mutual!”
• “Live in such a way that it becomes boring for us to know if you die.”
• “If you want victory, don’t bring as much as you can take one defeat.”
• “War gives the conquerors the right to dictate the minds of their natives.”

Plan
Enter
1 Term in the 1st-2nd centuries. e.
2 Term in the III-IV centuries. e.
2.1 The renewed importance and activity of the Caesars on the butts of the mid-IV century
2.1.1 Reasons for the recognition of the Caesars
2.1.2 Activity of the Caesars in the military sphere
2.1.3 Activity of the Caesars in the civil sphere

2.2 Caesarate as a sovereign institution

List of references

Enter

Caesar is one of the titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire. Resemble the cognomen of the Julius family “Caesar”, the name of a former politician and commander of the Roman Republic of the 1st century. to sound e. Gaius Julius Caesar.

Tetrarchs - two serpen and two Caesars (Porphyry. Venice. Cathedral of St. Mark)

1. The term is in the 1st-2nd centuries. e.

Gaius Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BC. e. His descendant, his nephew Guy Octavius ​​Furin, abdicated his dictatorship by commandment. After his victory in the Great War and the establishment of a regime of the principle, he was called Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus. Two parts of his name - Caesar and Augustus - were included in the official names of all Roman emperors, and later turned into titles. In literary tradition, these two names have become practically synonymous with the official titles of rulers - princeps and imperator. For example, in Velleius Paterculus Augustus and Tiberius are called “Caesar” (51 times), Serpen is called “Augustus” 16 times, Tiberius - every time. "Emperator" in relation to the ruler appears a total of 3 times (in the text - 10 times), and the title "princeps" - 11 times. In the text of Tacitus, the word "princeps" is 315 times, "imperator" - 107, and "Caesar" - 223 times referring to princeps and 58 times referring to members of the ruling house. Svetloniya vikorista "princeps" - 48, "imperator" - 29, and "Caesar" - 52 times. Look, in the text of Aurelius Victor and “Epitomi about the Caesars” the word “princeps” appears 48 times, “imperator” – 29, “Caesar” – 42, and “Augustus” – 15 times. At this time, the titles “serpen” and “caesar” were identical. The remaining emperor, who was called Caesar, was a relative of Julius Caesar and Augustus, formerly Nero.

2. The term is in the III-IV centuries. e.

In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the title “Caesar” was inextricably linked with the idea of ​​common law, if the senior ruler, who had the title “serpent”, shared power with a younger ruler (and, as a rule, a descendant) – “Caesar”. The co-rule of a number of individuals was not such a new phenomenon for Rome - the tradition of collegial government went back to the days of the republic. In the era of the Principate one can guess the reign of Vespasian and Titus, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Virus. However, the greatest expansion of the law began in the 3rd century. The period of political chaos that followed the collapse of the Severian dynasty, creating the need to name an aggressor actually immediately after gaining power (the first on this list can obviously be named Macrinus, immediately after taking power having voted his son Diadumen emperor). Throughout this third century, the emperors wanted to mark their rise with similar values, which, however, were little hidden by political stabilization.

The “other people” institution was abolished after the arrival of Diocletian. The distinction between the two titles was most clearly defined when the tetrarchy system was formed by Emperor Diocletian: on the side of the small power there are two supreme rulers, endowed with full power - sickle And, the descendants and lieutenants of these were two young rulers - the Caesars. The system turned out to be extremely stable, and until 324 the supreme power was concentrated in the hands of one person - Kostyantin I the Great. However, he did not preserve the institution of the Caesars. However, Kostyantin gave this title to four of his sons - Crisp, Kostyantin, Constantia, Kostyant - and his nephew Dalmatius the Young. Crisp was killed by his father back in 326, Dalmatian the Young died as a result of a soldier’s death shortly after the death of Kostyantin the Great. Kostyantin, Constantius and Kostyant in 337 became sickles and divided the empire into three parts. Kostyantin ΙΙ, having already died 340 years ago, invaded the region of Kostyantin. Constans ruled until 350 years, when the usurper Magnentius was stabbed to death. In this way, the empire lost only one legitimate leader - Constance, who held full power until his death in 361 years.

It was during this period that the Caesars remained in the 4th century. Constance gave this title to two of her cousins ​​- Gallus and Julian - the only relatives of Costantine the Great who were lost alive (including his blues). It is also clear that the usurper Magnentius, who started the war against Constantia, recognized his brothers as Caesars. One, Decentia, was sent to Galiya. They practically don’t tell anything about their friend (Desideria).

2.1. The re-importance of the Caesars on the butts of the mid-IV century

Reasons for the recognition of the Caesars

In all cases - Galla, Juliana and Decentia - their significance was dictated by the need to protect themselves from external threats. So, Constantius, being the ruler of the Immediately, had a constant, although unsuccessful, war with Sassanida, and, leading to the war with Magnentia, making Gallus Caesar and sending him to Antioch-on-Oron. and for organizing defense. His enemy did the same thing: to protect Gaul from the Alamanni, he sent his brother Decentius there. He, however, was not able to calm them down, and Constantius, who, immediately after his victory, destroyed a new battle at Schidus (Gallus was already suffering at that hour), depriving Gaul of Julian, giving him the title of Caesar.

All three reasons arose in the minds of external insecurity and the inability of the senior ruler to be in this region and command troops. We also note the fact that the recognition was not carried out on an imperial scale, but for specific territories - for Gaul and immediately. The currents of such vesting of power within each part of the empire apparently continued in the third century. Before that, the emperors, sharing power with each other, divided their imperium, acting as republican consuls, as a small equal power, which expanded the entire territory of the power (for example, Vespasian and Titus, Nerva and Trajan, etc.). During the crisis of the 3rd century, practically independent powers were established between the empire, which demonstrated their vitality: the “British Empire” of Carausius and Allectus, the “Gallic Empire” of Postumus and Tetricus, the Palmyran kingdom of Odaenathus and Zenobia. And now Diocletian, sharing power with Maximian, dividing them territorially, taking themselves Shud, and giving Zakhid to their ruler. Over the years, all powers were divided according to the territorial principle.

The Caesars - and Gal and Julian (we have very little information about the Deccension) - were even limited in their capabilities both in the military sphere and in the civil sphere.

Activity of the Caesars in the military sphere

Although the main function of the Caesars was to protect the provinces, they still did not want complete control over the army entrusted to him. We can clearly see this in their mutual relations with significant officers. Yulian, for example, after his confession, he had the opportunity to conduct active military operations, having come into contact not with the direct, recalcitrant army leadership, but with the recruited antidote. Thus, the master of cinema Marcellus, “who was nearby, without giving assistance to Caesar, who, having fallen into trouble, wanted to attack the place once again, if he were not there to tell Caesar, rush to the rescue,” and the master of infantry Barbati I was constantly intriguing against Julian. This situation arose as a result of the fact that all these officers lay not in front of Caesar, but in front of the scythe, and Caesar could not get them out of the seat - Marcellus still faced resignation for his inactivity , not Julian, but Constantius. The rule of the Caesars over the legions under them was also enduring; They could give orders during the military operations, either in secret or in the middle of the war, but in principle all legions were subordinated to the scythe. He himself, as Volodar of the whole of the reign of supreme power, decided to give every other legion such parts under the command of Caesar. Apparently, the very order of Constantius about the transfer of part of the Gaulish legions to the meeting sparked a soldier's revolt, as a result of the vote of Julian with a sickle.

The Caesars were already surrounded by financial supplies, which immediately flowed from their containers to the army. Ammianus directly writes that “if Julian had sent messages to the foreign region in the name of Caesar, he was expected to be harmed in every possible way and was not given any opportunity to give handouts to the soldiers, and thus the soldiers themselves could soon go to any kind of rebellion, this Ursul (committee of the sovereign treasury - Wiki) having given a written order to the head of the Gallic treasury to look for money without thirsty sums, such as the Caesars would not covet.” This partially solved the problem, but strict financial control was saved from the side of the sickle. Constance told us especially to spend money on Julian’s table!

Activity of the Caesars in the civil sphere

The Caesars were not in control of the civil sphere. All high-ranking civilian officials in the territories entrusted to them were considered the sickle and called before him. Such independence led to constant tension with the Caesars, who were often afraid to ask officials to do one thing or another. Thus, both Galus and Julian were constantly in greater or lesser confrontation with the praetorian prefects. Prefect Thalasius immediately intrigued against Gallus, strongly informing Constance, and Prefect Gallia Florence allowed himself to even passionately clash with Julian just before the emergency. However, the final word was still lost to Caesar, and he did not sign the decree, about which Florence did not immediately fail to report to the sickle. After all, the prefect took charge of the direct administration of the provinces, and when Julian asked (sic!) to give his control to Friend Belgic, this was a great unprecedented precedent.

One of the most important functions of the Caesars was the ship. And since Gal, holding court, “overestimated the duties of his new importance” and even thoughtlessly terrorized the nobility at the Gathering (for which, with punishment, and paid), then Julian, approaching his ship’s obligations, was even more important, trying to prevent evil ovzhivan.

2.2. Caesarate as a sovereign institution

As far as we can tell, the dominion of the Caesars was even more circumscribed – both territorially and functionally; as in the military sphere, so in the civil sphere. The Prote Caesars were emperors and formally were participants in the supreme power. The affiliation to the imperial college was reinforced by the following love affairs: both Galla and Juliana Constance befriended their sisters - the first was given Kostyantina, the other - Olena. Although the caesars were at odds with the great officials in their duties, the stench stood out louder in the eyes of the consort. Amian describes Julian's arrival at Viennu:

...people of different ages and conditions destroyed his rule in order to install him as a good and good ruler. All the people and all the inhabitants of the surrounding towns, having seen him from afar, went wild to the new, calling him a merciful and unbearable emperor, and everyone was amazed at the arrival of the legitimate sovereign: his arrival was filled with healing in current troubles.

The Institute of the Caesarate ensured the work and great stability of state governance in the middle of the 4th century. Because of Julian’s pronouncements, we are sick of such a view that this institute will cease to exist, having been born later, there are a lot of changes.

List of references:

1. Egorov A. B. Problems of the title of Roman emperors // Bulletin of ancient history. – 1988. No. 2.

2. Oros. VII. 18.3; Eut. VIII. 21; Aur. Vic. XXII; etc.

3. Pabst A. Divisio Regni: Der Zerfall des Imperium Romanum in der Sicht der Zeitgenossen. - Bonn, 1986. S. 45.

4. Soz. IV. 4; Theod. III. 3; Aur. Vic. XLII, etc.

5. Oros. VII. 29.15; Eutr. X. 14. 1; Thilost. IV. 2, etc.

6. Eutr. X. 12. 1; Oros. VII. 29.13; Epit. De Caes. XLII, etc.

7. Sokolov B.V. One Hundred Great Wars. ROMAN-PERSIAN VINES (cob III - cob V century)

8. Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu The Roman Eastern frontier and Persian Wars (AD 226-363): a documentary history. Routledge, 1994. P. 164 ff.

9. Amm. Marc. XVI. 4.3

10. About him Evnapius wrote: “Marcellus is in the hands of the ruler; giving up one title and title to Julian, he himself disposed of the rightful authority” (Eun. Hist. Exc. 10., Prov. S. Destunis).

11. Amm. Marc. XVI. 7.1

12. Amm. Marc. XX. 4. 2-17

13. Amm. Marc. XXII. 3. 7.

14. Amm. Marc. XVI. 5.3

15. Amm. Marc. XIV. 1. 10

16. Amm. Marc. XVII. 3. 2-5

17. Amm. Marc. XVII. 3.6

18. Amm. Marc. XIV. eleven

Abstract on the topic:

Caesar (title)

Plan:

Enter

• 1 Term in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. e.
• 2 The term is in the 3rd-4th centuries. e.
  • 2.1 The re-importance of the Caesars on the butts of the mid-IV century
    • 2.1.1 Reasons for the recognition of the Caesars
    • 2.1.2 Activity of the Caesars in the military sphere
    • 2.1.3 Activity of the Caesars in the civil sphere
  • 2.2 Caesarate as a sovereign institution
Notes
Literature

Enter

Caesar- one of the titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire. Resemble the cognomen of the Julius family “Caesar”, the name of a former politician and commander of the Roman Republic of the 1st century. to sound e. Gaius Julius Caesar.

Tetrarchs - two serpen and two Caesars (Porphyry. Venice. Cathedral of St. Mark)

1. The term is in the 1st-2nd centuries. e.

Gaius Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BC. e. His descendant, his nephew Guy Octavius ​​Furin, abdicated his dictatorship by commandment. After his victory in the Great War and the establishment of a regime of the principle, he was called Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus. Two parts of his name - Caesar and Augustus - were included in the official names of all Roman emperors, and later turned into titles. In literary tradition, these two names have become practically synonymous with the official titles of rulers - princeps and imperator. For example, in Velleius Paterculus Augustus and Tiberius are called “Caesar” (51 times), Serpen is called “Augustus” 16 times, Tiberius - every time. "Emperator" in relation to the ruler appears a total of 3 times (in the text - 10 times), and the title "princeps" - 11 times. In the text of Tacitus, the word "princeps" is 315 times, "imperator" - 107, and "Caesar" - 223 times referring to princeps and 58 times referring to members of the ruling house. Svetloniya vikorista "princeps" - 48, "imperator" - 29, and "Caesar" - 52 times. Look, in the text of Aurelius Victor and “Epitomi about the Caesars” the word “princeps” appears 48 times, “imperator” – 29, “Caesar” – 42, and “Augustus” – 15 times. At this time, the titles “serpen” and “caesar” were identical. The remaining emperor, who was called Caesar, was a relative of Julius Caesar and Augustus, formerly Nero.

2. The term is in the III-IV centuries. e.

In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the title “Caesar” was inextricably linked with the idea of ​​common law, if the senior ruler, who had the title “serpent”, shared power with a younger ruler (and, as a rule, a descendant) – “Caesar”. The co-rule of a number of individuals was not such a new phenomenon for Rome - the tradition of collegial government went back to the days of the republic. In the era of the Principate one can guess the reign of Vespasian and Titus, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Virus. However, the greatest expansion of the law began in the 3rd century. The period of political chaos that followed the collapse of the Severian dynasty, creating the need to name an aggressor actually immediately after gaining power (the first on this list can obviously be named Macrinus, immediately after taking power having voted his son Diadumen emperor). Throughout this third century, the emperors wanted to mark their rise with similar values, which, however, were little hidden by political stabilization.

The “other people” institution was abolished after the arrival of Diocletian. The distinction between the two titles was most clearly defined when the tetrarchy system was formed by Emperor Diocletian: on the side of the small power there are two supreme rulers, endowed with full power - sickle And, the descendants and lieutenants of these were two young rulers - the Caesars. The system turned out to be extremely stable, and until 324 the supreme power was concentrated in the hands of one person - Kostyantin I the Great. However, he did not preserve the institution of the Caesars. However, Kostyantin gave this title to four of his sons - Crisp, Kostyantin, Constantia, Kostyant - and his nephew Dalmatius the Young. Crisp was killed by his father back in 326, Dalmatian the Young died as a result of a soldier’s death shortly after the death of Kostyantin the Great. Kostyantin, Constantius and Kostyant in 337 became sickles and divided the empire into three parts. Kostyantin ΙΙ, having already died 340 years ago, invaded the region of Kostyantin. Constans ruled until 350 years, when the usurper Magnentius was stabbed to death. In this way, the empire lost only one legitimate leader - Constance, who held full power until his death in 361 years.

It was during this period that the Caesars remained in the 4th century. Constance gave this title to two of her cousins ​​- Gallus and Julian - the only relatives of Costantine the Great who were lost alive (including his blues). It is also clear that the usurper Magnentius, who started the war against Constantia, recognized his brothers as Caesars. One, Decentia, was sent to Galiya. They practically don’t tell anything about their friend (Desideria).

2.1. The re-importance of the Caesars on the butts of the mid-IV century

2.1.1. Reasons for the recognition of the Caesars

In all cases - Galla, Juliana and Decentia - their significance was dictated by the need to protect themselves from external threats. So, Constantius, being the ruler of the Immediate, fought a stable, although unsuccessful, war with the Sassanians, and, leading to the war with Magnentia, made Gallus Caesar and sent him to Antioch-on-Oron. and for organizing defense. His enemy did the same thing: to protect Gaul from the Alamanni, he sent his brother Decentius there. He, however, was not able to calm them down, and Constantius, who, immediately after his victory, destroyed a new battle at Schidus (Gallus was already suffering at that hour), depriving Gaul of Julian, giving him the title of Caesar.

All three reasons arose in the minds of external insecurity and the inability of the senior ruler to be in this region and command troops. We also note the fact that the recognition was not carried out on an imperial scale, but for specific territories - for Gaul and immediately. The currents of such vesting of power within each part of the empire apparently continued in the third century. Before that, the emperors, sharing power with each other, divided their imperium, acting as republican consuls, as a small equal power, which expanded the entire territory of the power (for example, Vespasian and Titus, Nerva and Trajan, etc.). During the crisis of the 3rd century, practically independent powers were established between the empire, which demonstrated their vitality: the “British Empire” of Carausius and Allectus, the “Gallic Empire” of Postumus and Tetricus, the Palmyran kingdom of Odaenathus and Zenobia. And now Diocletian, sharing power with Maximian, dividing them territorially, taking themselves Shud, and giving Zakhid to their ruler. Over the years, all powers were divided according to the territorial principle.

The Caesars - and Gal and Julian (we have very little information about the Deccension) - were even limited in their capabilities both in the military sphere and in the civil sphere.

2.1.2. Activity of the Caesars in the military sphere

Although the main function of the Caesars was to protect the provinces, they still did not want complete control over the army entrusted to him. We can clearly see this in their mutual relations with significant officers. Yulian, for example, after his confession, he had the opportunity to conduct active military operations, having come into contact not with the direct, recalcitrant army leadership, but with the recruited antidote. Thus, the master of cinema Marcellus, “who was nearby, without giving assistance to Caesar, who, having fallen into trouble, wanted to attack the place once again, if he were not there to tell Caesar, rush to the rescue,” and the master of infantry Barbati I was constantly intriguing against Julian. This situation arose as a result of the fact that all these officers lay not in front of Caesar, but in front of the scythe, and Caesar could not get them out of the seat - Marcellus still faced resignation for his inactivity , not Julian, but Constantius. The rule of the Caesars over the legions under them was also enduring; They could give orders during the military operations, either in secret or in the middle of the war, but in principle all legions were subordinated to the scythe. He himself, as Volodar of the whole of the reign of supreme power, decided to give every other legion such parts under the command of Caesar. Apparently, the very order of Constantius about the transfer of part of the Gaulish legions to the meeting sparked a soldier's revolt, as a result of the vote of Julian with a sickle.

The Caesars were already surrounded by financial supplies, which immediately flowed from their containers to the army. Ammianus directly writes that “if Julian had sent messages to the foreign region in the name of Caesar, he was expected to be harmed in every possible way and was not given any opportunity to give handouts to the soldiers, and thus the soldiers themselves could soon go to any kind of rebellion, this Ursul (committee of the sovereign treasury - Wiki) having given a written order to the head of the Gallic treasury to look for money without thirsty sums, such as the Caesars would not covet.” This partially solved the problem, but strict financial control was saved from the side of the sickle. Constance told us especially to spend money on Julian’s table!

2.1.3. Activity of the Caesars in the civil sphere

The Caesars were not in control of the civil sphere. All high-ranking civilian officials in the territories entrusted to them were considered the sickle and called before him. Such independence led to constant tension with the Caesars, who were often afraid to ask officials to do one thing or another. Thus, both Galus and Julian were constantly in greater or lesser confrontation with the praetorian prefects. Prefect Thalasius immediately intrigued against Gallus, strongly informing Constance, and Prefect Gallia Florence allowed himself to even passionately clash with Julian in order to get into an emergency situation. However, the final word was still lost to Caesar, and he did not sign the decree, about which Florence did not immediately fail to report to the sickle. After all, the prefect took charge of the direct administration of the provinces, and when Julian asked (sic!) to give his control to Friend Belgic, this was a great unprecedented precedent.

One of the most important functions of the Caesars was the ship. And since Gal, holding court, “overestimated the duties of his new importance” and even thoughtlessly terrorized the nobility at the Gathering (for which, with punishment, and paid), then Julian, approaching his ship’s obligations, was even more important, trying to prevent evil ovzhivan.

2.2. Caesarate as a sovereign institution

As far as we can tell, the dominion of the Caesars was even more circumscribed – both territorially and functionally; as in the military sphere, so in the civil sphere. The Prote Caesars were emperors and formally were participants in the supreme power. The affiliation to the imperial college was reinforced by the following love affairs: both Galla and Juliana Constance befriended their sisters - the first was given Kostyantina, the other - Olena. Although the caesars were at odds with the great officials in their duties, the stench stood out louder in the eyes of the consort. Amian describes the arrival of Julian at Viennu

...people of different ages and conditions destroyed his rule in order to install him as a good and good ruler. All the people and all the inhabitants of the surrounding towns, having seen him from afar, went wild to the new, calling him a merciful and unbearable emperor, and everyone was amazed at the arrival of the legitimate sovereign: his arrival was filled with healing in current troubles.

The Institute of the Caesarate ensured the work and great stability of state governance in the middle of the 4th century. Because of Julian’s pronouncements, we are sick of such a view that this institute will cease to exist, having been born later, there are a lot of changes.

Notes

1. Egorov A. B. Problems of the title of Roman emperors // Bulletin of ancient history. – 1988. No. 2.
2. Oros. VII. 18.3; Eut. VIII. 21; Aur. Vic. XXII; etc.
3. Pabst A. Divisio Regni: Der Zerfall des Imperium Romanum in der Sicht der Zeitgenossen. - Bonn, 1986. S. 45.
4. Soz. IV. 4; Theod. III. 3; Aur. Vic. XLII, etc.
5. Oros. VII. 29.15; Eutr. X. 14. 1; Thilost. IV. 2, etc.
6. Eutr. X. 12. 1; Oros. VII. 29.13; Epit. De Caes. XLII, etc.
7. Sokolov B.V. One Hundred Great Wars. ROMAN-PERSIAN VINES (cob III - cob V century) - bibliotekar.ru/encW/100/20.htm
8. Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu The Roman Eastern frontier and Persian Wars (AD 226-363): a documentary history. Routledge, 1994. P. 164 ff.
9. Amm. Marc. XVI. 4.3
10. About him he wrote: “Marcellus is in the hands of the ruler; giving up one title and title to Julian, he himself disposed of the rightful authority” (Eun. Hist. Exc. 10., Prov. S. Destunis).
11. Amm. Marc. XVI. 7.1
12. Amm. Marc. XX. 4. 2-17
13. Amm. Marc. XXII. 3. 7.
14. Amm. Marc. XVI. 5.3
15. Amm. Marc. XIV. 1. 10
16. Amm. Marc. XVII. 3. 2-5
17. Amm. Marc. XVII. 3.6
18. Amm. Marc. XIV. eleven
19. Amm. Marc. XXV. 8.21

Literature

• Egorov A. B. Problems of the title of Roman emperors - ancientrome.ru/publik/egorov/egorov01.htm. // VDI. – 1988. – No. 2.
• Antonov O. V. Before the problem of the sovereignty of the government of the Roman Empire in the 4th century. // Vlada, politics, ideology, history of Europe: collection. Sci. articles, assignments 30th department of VIMO AltDU. – Barnaul, 2005. – pp. 26-36.
• Koptev A.V. PRINCEPS ET DOMINUS: before feeding on the evolution of the principate at the beginning of the late antique era - ancientrome.ru/publik/article.htm?a=1263933087. // Long time right. – 1996. – No. 1. – P. 182-190.
• Jones A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire 284-602. – Oxford, 1964. – Vol. 1.
• Pabst A. Divisio Regni: Der Zerfall des Imperium Romanum in der Sicht der Zeitgenossen. - Bonn, 1986.

Gaius Julius Caesar was killed in 44 BC. e. His descendant, his nephew Guy Octavius ​​Furin, abdicated his dictatorship by commandment. After his victory in the Great War and the establishment of a regime of the principle, he was called Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus. Two parts of his name - Caesar and Augustus - were included in the official names of all Roman emperors, and later turned into titles. In literary tradition, these two names have become practically synonymous with the official titles of rulers - princeps and imperator. For example, in Velleius Paterculus Augustus and Tiberius are called “Caesar” (51 times), Serpen is called “Augustus” 16 times, Tiberius - every time. "Emperator" in relation to the ruler appears a total of 3 times (in the text - 10 times), and the title "princeps" - 11 times. In the text of Tacitus, the word "princeps" is 315 times, "imperator" - 107, and "Caesar" - 223 times referring to princeps and 58 times referring to members of the ruling house. Svetloniya vikorista "princeps" - 48, "imperator" - 29, and "Caesar" - 52 times. Look, in the text of Aurelius Victor and “Epitomi about the Caesars” the word “princeps” appears 48 times, “imperator” – 29, “Caesar” – 42, and “Augustus” – 15 times. At this time, the titles “serpen” and “caesar” were identical.

The term is in the III-IV centuries. Not

It was during this period that the Caesars remained in the 4th century. Constance gave this title to two of her cousins ​​- Gallus and Julian - the only relatives of Costantine the Great who were lost alive (including his blues). It is also clear that the usurper Magnentius, who started the war against Constantia, recognized his brothers as Caesars. One, Decentia, was sent to Galiya. They practically don’t tell anything about their friend (Desideria).

The re-importance of the Caesars on the butts of the mid-IV century

Reasons for the recognition of the Caesars

In all cases - Galla, Juliana and Decentia - their significance was dictated by the need to protect themselves from external threats. So, Constantius, being the ruler of the Immediate, fought a steady, although unsuccessful, war with the Sassanids, and, leading to the war with Magnentia, made Gallus Caesar and sent him to Antioch-on-O. ronti for organizing defense. His enemy did the same thing: to protect Gaul from the Alamanni, he sent his brother Decentius there. He, however, was not able to calm them down, and Constantius, who, immediately after his victory, destroyed a new battle at Schidus (Gallus was already suffering at that hour), depriving Gaul of Julian, giving him the title of Caesar.

All three reasons arose in the minds of external insecurity and the inability of the senior ruler to be in this region and command troops. We also note the fact that the recognition was not carried out on an imperial scale, but for specific territories - for Gaul and immediately. The currents of such vesting of power within each part of the empire apparently continued in the third century. Before that, the emperors, sharing power with each other, divided their imperium, acting as republican consuls, as a small equal power, which expanded the entire territory of the power (for example, Vespasian and Titus, Nerva and Trajan, etc.). During the crisis of the 3rd century, practically independent powers were established between the empire, which demonstrated their vitality: the “British Empire” of Carausius and Allectus, the “Gallic Empire” of Postumus and Tetricus, the Palmyran kingdom of Odaenathus and Zenobia. And now Diocletian, sharing power with Maximian, dividing them territorially, taking the Shud, and giving the ruler the Zakhid. Over the years, all powers were divided according to the territorial principle.

The Caesars - and Gal and Julian (we have very little information about the Deccension) - were even limited in their capabilities both in the military sphere and in the civil sphere.

Activity of the Caesars in the military sphere

Although the main function of the Caesars was to protect the provinces, they still did not want complete control over the army entrusted to him. We can clearly see this in their mutual relations with significant officers. Yulian, for example, after his confession, he had the opportunity to conduct active military operations, having come into contact not with the direct, recalcitrant army leadership, but with the recruited antidote. Thus, the master of cinema Marcellus, “who was nearby, without giving assistance to Caesar, who, having fallen into trouble, wanted to attack the place once again, if he were not there to tell Caesar, rush to the rescue,” and the master of infantry Barbati I was constantly intriguing against Julian. This situation arose as a result of the fact that all these officers lay not in front of Caesar, but in front of the scythe, and Caesar could not get them out of the seat - Marcellus still faced resignation for his inactivity , not Julian, but Constantius. The rule of the Caesars over the legions under them was also enduring; They could give orders during the military operations, either in secret or in the middle of the war, but in principle all legions were subordinated to the scythe. He himself, as Volodar of the whole of the reign of supreme power, decided to give every other legion such parts under the command of Caesar. Apparently, the very order of Constantius about the transfer of part of the Gaulish legions to the meeting sparked a soldier's revolt, as a result of the vote of Julian with a sickle.

The Caesars were already surrounded by financial supplies, which immediately flowed from their containers to the army. Ammianus directly writes that “if Julian had sent messages to the foreign region in the name of Caesar, he was expected to be harmed in every possible way and was not given any opportunity to give handouts to the soldiers, and thus the soldiers themselves could soon go to any kind of rebellion, this Ursul (committee of the sovereign treasury - Wiki) having given a written order to the head of the Gallic treasury to look for money without thirsty sums, such as the Caesars would not covet.” This partially solved the problem, but strict financial control was saved from the side of the sickle. Constance told us especially to spend money on Julian’s table!

Activity of the Caesars in the civil sphere

The Caesars were not in control of the civil sphere. All high-ranking civilian officials in the territories entrusted to them were considered the sickle and called before him. Such independence led to constant tension with the Caesars, who were often afraid to ask officials to do one thing or another. Thus, both Galus and Julian were constantly in greater or lesser confrontation with the praetorian prefects. Prefect Thalasius immediately intrigued against Gallus, strongly informing Constance, and Prefect Gallia Florence allowed himself to even passionately clash with Julian in order to get into an emergency situation. However, the final word was still lost to Caesar, and he did not sign the decree, about which Florence did not immediately fail to report to the sickle. After all, the prefect took charge of the direct administration of the provinces, and when Julian asked (sic!) to give his control to Friend Belgic, this was a great unprecedented precedent.

One of the most important functions of the Caesars was the ship. And since Gal, holding court, “overestimated the duties of his new importance” and even thoughtlessly terrorized the nobility at the Gathering (for which, with punishment, and paid), then Julian, approaching his ship’s obligations, was even more important, trying to prevent evil ovzhivan.

Caesarate as a sovereign institution

...people of different ages and conditions destroyed his rule in order to install him as a good and good ruler. All the people and all the inhabitants of the surrounding towns, having seen him from afar, went wild to the new, calling him a merciful and unbearable emperor, and everyone was amazed at the arrival of the legitimate sovereign: his arrival was filled with healing in current troubles.

The Institute of the Caesarate ensured the work and great stability of state governance in the middle of the 4th century. Because of Julian’s pronouncements, we are sick of such a view that this institute will cease to exist, having been born later, there are a lot of changes.

Gaius Iulius Caesar - commander, politician, writer, dictator, high priest. It comes from the ancient Roman family of the ruling class and subsequently descended from all the sovereign estates, along the line of the political resistance of the senatorial aristocracy. He was merciful, but sent his main opponents to the stratum.

The Yuliev family has its own journey from a noble homeland, which, according to legend, resembles the goddess Venus.

Julius Caesar's mother, Avrelia Kotta, was from the noble and prosperous Aurelian family. My father’s grandmother was like the old Roman family of Marcii. Ancus Marcius was the fourth king of Ancient Rome from 640 to 616. to sound e.

Childhood and youth

We have not received precise data about the hour of the emperor’s birth. Today it is customary to honor the fact that 100 rubles were born. BC e. Prote German historian Theodor Mommsen appreciates that this is 102 r. BC e., and the French historian Jerome Carcopino points to 101 rubles. BC e. During the day, people honor both 12 and 13 linya.

The childhood of Guy Julius took place in the poor ancient Roman region of Subura. The fathers gave son's garna light, having learned Greek, poetry and oratorical mysticism, learned to swim, ridden horses and developed physically. At 85 rub. to sound That is, the family lost a year and Caesar after his inication became the head of the family, so that none of the older relatives of the human state were lost alive.

• Radimo read about

Cob kar'eri politician

In Asia

In the 80s BC e. the military leader Lucius Cornelius Cinna, establishing the person of Gaius Julius in the place of the flames, the sacrifice of the god Jupiter. But for this it was necessary for him to make friends according to the traditional ancient rite of confarreatio, and Lucius Cornelius chose his daughter Cornelia Cinilla for Caesar’s squad. At 76 r. to sound That is, a friend gave birth to a daughter, Yulia (Ivlia).

Today's historians no longer remember the ceremony of Julia's inauguration. On the one hand, this inspired me to get involved in politics, but on the other hand, recognition became a great way to honor the position of the Caesars.

After the enlistment of Gaius Julia and Cornelia, the army broke out in revolt and the army attacked Cinna, killing him. The dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla was established, after which Caesar, as a relative and opponent of the new ruler, was voted into law. He did not listen to Sulla, decided to separate from his squad and went with. The dictator had long since reprimanded the disobedient man, and then, in an hour, pardoned him for the desecration of his relatives.
Nezabar Caesar came to Marcus Minucius Thermus, the governor of the Roman province in Asia Minor - Asia.

Ten fates ago, on this planting there was a father. Julius became the equites of Marcus Minucius, who fought on horseback as a patrician. The first task, as Therm gave to his contubernal, was to negotiate with the Bithynia king Nycomed IV. The result of the success of the negotiation ruler of the Termi Flotile for the bribe of the MITLENE (MyTlene) on the island Lesbos (Lesvos), Yaki without having given the result of the first of the pereni Mitridatovo (89-85 pr. BC). The place was successfully buried.

For the operation in Lesbos, Gaius Julius took away the huge crown of the city, and Mark Minutius gained new importance. At 78 rub. to sound That is, Lucius Sulla dies in Italy and Caesar praises the decision to turn to Fatherlandism.

Roman Podia

At 78 rub. to sound e. the military leader Marcus Lepidus organized a revolt of the Italici against the laws of Lucius. Caesar then did not accept the request of his participant. At 77-76 pp. to sound e. Gaius Julius wanted to sue the henchmen of Sulli: the policy of Cornelius Dolabella and the commander Antonius Hybrida. Ale tse you didn’t give a damn, unimportant to the flashy promotional promotions.

After this, Julius went to the island of Rhodes and the school of rhetoric of Apollonius Molon, but on the way there he was full of pirates, evidence of permission from the Asian ambassadors for fifty talents. Eager to take revenge, a great brawl dismantled a number of ships and, having discovered the pirates themselves, was full of them, crucifying them. At 73 r. BC e. Caesar was included in the collegial governing body of the pontiffs, before his uncle Gaius Aurelius Cotta.

At 69 rub. to sound That is, Caesar’s squad, Cornelia, died under the curtains of another child; At this hour Caesar's aunt is Julia Maria. Nezabar Gaius Julius becomes a Roman ordinary magistrate (magistratus), which gives him the opportunity to enter the Senate. He was sent to distant Spain (Hispania Ulterior), having taken the highest financial power and the royal tribute of the propraetor Antistius Vetus.

At 67 r. to sound e. Caesar became friends with Pompeia Sulla, sister of Sulli. At 66 r. to sound e. Gaius Julius is the supervisor of the most important public road in Rome - the Via Appia (Via Appia) and finances its repairs.

College of Magistrates and Elections

At 66 r. to sound e. Gaius Julius is robbed to the magistrates of Rome. These obligations include expanding everyday life in the area, supporting trade and large-scale arrivals. At 65 rub. to sound That is, we held such memorable Roman games with the participation of gladiators, so that they would raise their minds among the townspeople.

At 64 r. to sound e. Guy Yuliy was the head of the ship's commission (Quaestiones perpetuae) from criminal trials, which allowed him to convict before his appearance and punish Sulli's rich lieutenants.

At 63 r. to sound That is, Quintus Metellus Pius, former ancestor of the Great Pontifex (Pontifex Maximus), died. Caesar decides to nominate him for power. Gaius Julius' opponents are the consul Quintus Catulus Capitolinus and the commander Publius Vatia Isauricus. After numerous bribes, Caesar wins the election with great advantage and moves to live on the Sacred Road (via Sacra) to the official residence of the pontiff.

The fate of the snake

65 and 63 rr. to sound That is, one of the political associates Lucius Sergius Catilina (Lucius Sergius Catilina) and his two daughters tried to carry out a coup d'état. Marcus Tullius Cicero, being an opponent of Caesar, tried to persuade him to participate in discussions, but was unable to provide the necessary evidence and admitted failure. Marcus Porcius Cato, the informal leader of the Roman Senate, was also sympathetic against Caesar and got Gaius Julius out of the Senate with threats.

First Triumvirate

Praetura

At 62 r. to sound That is, being promoted to praetorship, Caesar wanted to transfer the reconstruction to the plan of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus from Quintus Catulus Capitolinus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, but the Senate did not supporting

After the proposal of the tribune Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, supported by Caesar, sent Pompey with his troops to Rome to subdue Catilina, the Senate having removed both Quintus Caecilius and Gaius Julia from garden, but another shvidko bіdnovleniy.
The trial of Catilina's Zmovniks took place. One of his participants was Lucius Iulius Vettius, who opposed Caesar and was arrested, as was the judge of Novius Nigerus, who accepted the report.

At 62 r. to sound e. the squad of Caesar Pompey ruled over his shack sacredly, sacred to the Good Goddess (Bona Dea), who could have lost his wife. After having religiously killed one of the politicians, Publius Clodius Pulcher, he changed clothes from a woman and wanted to meet with Pompey. The senators found out about what had happened, found out through violence and demanded justice. Gaius Julius did not bother to pay attention to the process and separated from Pompey, so as not to expose his peculiar life to a hidden glance. Tim more, my friend never gave birth to babies.

In Distant Spain

At 61 r. to sound That is, the trip of Gaius Julius to Far Spain as propraetor was delayed for a long time due to the appearance of a large number of Borg. The commander Marcus Licinius Crassus vouched for Gaius Julius and paid part of his loans.

When the new propraetor arrived in the city of recognition, he had to deal with dissatisfaction with the inhabitants of the Roman Empire. Caesar suppressed the militia and began the fight against the “bandits.” The commander marched with an army of twelve thousand to the Serra da Estrela mountain range and ordered the local residents to leave. They decided to move and Gaius Julius attacked them. The mountaineers went across the Atlantic Ocean to the Berlenga Islands, killing all their followers.

Ale Caesar, despite poorly thought-out operations and strategic maneuvers, still supports the people's support, after which he was awarded the honorary military title of Emperor, a victory.

Gaius Julius, having flared up active activity in everyday life on the right side of the lands. During the court hearings, during the tax reforms, and eliminating the practice of sacrifice.

During the period of activity in Spain, Caesar was able to pay back from most of his borgs with rich gifts and swag from the burghers of a secure day. For a cob 60 rub. to sound e. Gaius Julius immediately takes off his position of importance and turns back to Rome.

Triumvirate

Feelings about the victories of the propraetor were urgently conveyed to the Senate and its members believed that Caesar’s turn might be accompanied by a triumph (triumphus) - a clear entry to the capital. Then, until the triumphant occasion, Guy Julia was not allowed, by law, to enter the place. And as soon as he plans to take part in the upcoming elections to install a consul, where registration would require the presence of a special person, the commander is inspired by triumph and begins the fight for a new position.

By bribing the voters, Caesar eventually becomes consul, and the military leader Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus wins the election.

In order to appreciate the powerful political status and absolute power, Caesar entered into a secret agreement with Pompey and Crassus, uniting the two current politicians with previous views. As a result, a further alliance of military leaders and politicians emerges, which takes away the name of the First Triumvirate (triumviratus - “union of three men”).

Consulate

On the first day of his consulate, Caesar began to submit new bills to the Senate for consideration. The first praised the agrarian law, whereby the poor could take plots of land from the powers that they bought from the great land lords. We were first given land to families with many children. To prevent speculation, the new landowners have no right to oversell the land over the next twenty years. Another bill was aimed at subsidizing the purchasers of the province of Asia, their contributions were reduced by one third. The third law was a combination of swag and insanity, and was adopted unanimously, replacing the first two.

To honor the connection with Pompey, Gaius Julius saw his daughter Julia for him. Caesar himself is in a relationship with Calpurnia, the daughter of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus.

Proconsul

Gallic War

When Gaius Julius, after completing his term, ousted himself from the position of consul, he continued to conquer lands for Rome. At the hour of the Gallic War (Bellum Gallicum), Caesar, having revealed superior diplomacy and strategy, was masterfully affected by the divisions of the Gallic leaders. At 55 rub. to sound That is, after defeating the Germans, they crossed the Rhine (Rhein), after which in ten days they were 400 meters away and attacked them, the first in the history of Rome. The first of the Roman generals invaded Great Britain, carrying out a number of rapid military operations, after which the disturbances were deprived of the island.

At 56 r. to sound That is, in Lucca the final meeting of the triumvirs took place, at which the decision to continue and develop political support of one another was praised.

Up to 50 rub. to sound e. Gaius Julius, having strangled all the rebellion, completely subdued Rome over a large area of ​​territory.

Gromadyansk War

At 53 r. to sound e. Crassus dies and the triumvirate accepts its end. A struggle began between Pompey and Julius. Pompey became the head of the republican government, and the Senate did not continue the elevation of Gaius Julius to Gaul. Thomas Caesar praises the decision to raise a rebellion. Having collected soldiers who had gained great popularity, they crossed the border river Rubicone and, without losing their support, drowned the places. Pompey's chatter is that the senators are approaching and fleeing the capital. Caesar proposes to the members of the Senate to rule the country peacefully.

In Rome, Caesar is appointed dictator. When Pompey tried to commit mischief, Gaius Julia was known to have collapsed, the infiltrator himself was killed in Egypt, and Caesar did not accept the head of the enemy, mourning his death. While in Egypt, Caesar assists Queen Cleopatra, supports Alexandria, and Numidia comes to Rome from Southern Africa.

Driving in

The return of Gaius Julius to the capital is accompanied by a literary triumph. He does not skimp on rewarding his soldiers and generals, holds banquets for the local population, and organizes games of all kinds. Over the next ten years, we will vote him “Emperor” and “Father of Fatherlandism.” You can see the absence of laws, including laws about hugeness, about power, against luxury, about unemployment, about the production of uncropped bread, changing the system of calculating hours and others.

Caesar was adored and given great honors, his statues and tiny portraits were created. I will tighten the security, especially taking care of the recognition of persons in the state’s plantings and their displacement.

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