Joan of Arc and the unconquered of England. Catalogue of articles. Love to the Hierarchy Holy is that “pig”

Capetian Dynasty until the beginning of the Hundred Years' War CAPETIAN DYNASTY
THE COB OF THE HISTORY OF VINE
Philip IV the Fair
Louis X
Isabella
Philip V
Charles IV
No little children
Edward III
Philip VI
Valois

English Volodynia near France

Causes of the war

Stages of the Hundred Years' War

Joan of Arc

Feed!

Battles of the Hundred War

Battles of the Hundred War

Battles of the Hundred War

Battles of the Hundred War

Joan of Arc

Yuna is French Joan of Arc managed to turn the tide of the 100-River War, and led the French army under her ensign to victory. I was able to earn those who respected the many proven commanders of France for the impossible - they would win over the English.

Short biography of Joan of Arc

The official date of the people of Jeannie d'Arc is honored 6 sichnya 1412 roku(2 more dates – 6th century 1408 and 1409). She was born in the French village of Domremi to a family of possible villagers.

Voice of Archangel Michael

When Joan of Arc was crowned 13 rocks, behind her words, she felt the voice of Archangel Michael, who told her about the great mission: Jeanne is small enough to break the siege of Orleans by the English and win the battle.

Laid back girl

The bachennya were repeated, and at 16 rocks The girl killed up to one of the captains of the French army. Robert de Baudricourt. She spoke about her army and asked her people to be transferred under command to the court of the Dauphin (the descendant of Charles VI).

The perseverance of Jeannie d'Arc took the mountain over the captain's misfortunes, and gave her people as a guide to the king, and also provided human clothing, so that “the soldiers would not be kidnapped.”

Zustrich iz king

14 bereznya 1429 roku Jeanne arrived at the residence of the Dauphin Charles - the castle Chinon. She voiced her voice that she was sent by Heaven to liberate the land from the English war and asked for troops in order to take the cover of Orleans.

France believed that the young woman was unoccupied, sent by God, and that with the help of the army I would be able to overcome the war

The girl impressed the courtiers of the king himself riding and mysticism I'll pick up the vodka. There was such hostility that she was recruited not in the village family, but “in special schools.”

Zhanna - chief commander

After the matrons confirmed Jeannie’s value and other numerical verifications were carried out, Karl praised the decision become a commander-in-chief with their troops and lead them to Orleans.

They prepared a meal for the girl and delivered it to her place. Charlemagne's sword, which is preserved in the church of Sainte-Catherine-de-F'erbois. Then she went straight to the place of Blois, designated as a rendezvous point for the army, and then marched with the army to Orleans.

"Maid of Orleans"

The news about the fact that the army was emboldened by the messenger of God caused a tremendous moral uplift in the military. Having lost hope, the commanders and soldiers, who were tired of endless defeats, took a breath and goodness has been gained again.

29 April 1429 Joan of Arc enters Orleans from a small enclosure. On the 4th of May, the army achieved its first victory by taking the bastion Saint-Loup. Victories came one after another, and already on the 8th of May the English began to remove the regime from its place.

In such a manner, honor, as other French military leaders respected the unborn, Joan of Arc for so many days. After the victory near Orleans, Jeanne was nicknamed “The Virgin of Orleans.” Day 8 The grass of the Donina is known shortly in Orleans as the firebrand of the holy place.

For help, Zhanni decided to grab another handful of important forts. The French army fought one place at a time.

Damn that bedroom

In the spring 1430 roku After the influx of military operations through the indifference of Charles VII and the palace intrigues, Joan of Arc again led the army, with the ensign in front. Vona rushed to help the besieged place Comp'enyu Ale was thrown into the pasture - in the place there was a rise in the place, and she could no longer get out of there.

The Burgundians sold it to the English for 10 thousand gold levries. In 1431, in Rouen, a trial was held over her, condemning her as a heretic to the bedroom. Virok gaining decency May 30 1431 Roku– Joan of Arc was burned with live bait on the square of Old Rinku.

Rehabilitation and canonization

At the end of the Centenary War, Charles VII ordered the investigation of the legality of the trial of the young heroine. It was established that the English court was innocent of gross damage.

Joan of Arc was rehabilitated vlitku 1456 roku, and after 548 years - 1920 roku They were canonized (canonized) by the Catholic Church.

On the 6th of 1412, an unexpected girl was born in a small French village. Her name was Joan of Arc. And the girl’s uniqueness lay in the fact that the voices of saints often sounded in her head, among them Archangel Michael and Saint Catherine of Oleksandria. The decals over there were like that. Moreover, Zhanna dared to talk to them, and yet - Miracles!

As if the voices told her that France was being ruined by a woman and a lying girl. So there it was: Queen Isabella of Bavaria harmed the country by marrying her daughter to the English king, who, through what happened, was voted the descendant of France. Thus, France perished - the land of fashion, beauty, frivolity and beauty.

When the English king died, the French prince - the Dauphin - decided to turn France over to the French and voted himself the new king of the country. Prote, the English did not dare to waste such a sweet little thing as the land of the Trojans, a song about the war and the most beautiful women of the world in their own hands. And then a terrible war began for Volodya in France between the newly-minted French king and the angry English.

Joan of Arc at that time was no more than a sixteen-year-old girl. We all know that she was an unpretentious girl. And it’s reconciled in the fact that the girl who lies to France is herself, and the importance that she needs to gain strength was not considered.

So she told the young French king about her vision and the voices of the saints, which prophesied the order of France to help Jeannie. And on the table there was a smile and a serenity in powerful words, they believed in their recognition of the forces that the king gave her all for the liberation of France.

It was true that this was true, and the voices in her head prophesied the truth, that the reconciliation of the powerful right was so strong, aka Jeanne D'Arc, dressed in a human captan, was overpowering! She drove the English out of France so that they were not allowed to fight at all!.. France again belonged to the French, so the nobility could again chatter freely about the war, dedicated to the most beautiful women of the world - the French - no less garnish tops and songs, like how Jeanne continued to drive away the English far from the native land.

And the young king of France had no time for fun: Jeanne d'Arc became a heroine who saves her beloved land from the hated slaughterhouses of the English. Legends were made about her, people came to see her. And the king has a deep understanding of the soul, so it is not he who overcomes, but Jeanne. Why don’t you adore him, but why you don’t make legends about him, but about a young village girl who managed to earn what the King of France himself could not earn. Jealousy, lateness and images grizzled the soul of the king, who, with his radodniks and ruling over the shepherd, in which Jeanne was taken as a captive by the Burgundians, and then simply sold her to the English.

This is how it happens, that the hero who fought for his country, who escaped from the enemies, falls into the hands of these very enemies with his own soldiers, simply to the one who turned out to be stronger for them. And to be afraid of the stench of being publicly buried and worshiping oneself by the khans.

And the English... What about the English? The stench called Jeanne a sign of witchcraft, because at that time in England people believed in evil spirits and witches. And Jeanne, as we remember, dared to pray for the saints...

The chaklunstvo was found to be guilty - at that time there was no difficulty in bringing about such a call. It was enough for her mother to go home black and blue, and Joan of Arc prayed for the saints. Don't worry about it! There were stories and thoughts here about nothing. “A witch, of course,” declared the English Inquisition and praised the trick: publicly burn the girl for a fortune.The axis is so scary on May 30, 1431, the life of a nineteen-year-old girl ended.

But the death of the English was so painful that the stench of the stench bit them all: the martyrdom of Jeannie angered the French so much and raised their fighting spirit that the stench simply did not deprive the hated British of a desperate chance. who conquered France and drove the English from continent to continent. . They will live there until now, no longer trying to conquer France, as they didn’t want anything.

And Zhanna.. And what about Zhanna? After its death, the von became the national symbol of France. The butt of masculinity, virilityin your own strength, in your own faith and rightness. Vona is a libertine.And in the 1920s, the Catholic Church canonized Joan of Arc - protected her as a saint, with whom they can now join together as forever.

Joan of Arc, Maid of Orleans, national heroine of France, today known to the wider world. In just a few months, this young girl managed to rekindle the history of her land, which stood on the brink of destruction.

Joan of Arc at the hour of the oblogies of Orleans. Sh. Lenepwe. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

In 1428, the English troops stood outside the walls of Orleans, the fall of which allowed them to annex occupied French France, with Guienne and Aquitaine, which they had long controlled, in the present day. The result of the battle was announced in advance until the French residence Dauphine Charles A 17-year-old girl appeared, saying that she was “sent by Heaven to liberate the country from the English war” and asked for military service for the citizens of Orleans. The girl, whose name was Joan of Arc, sang, “What do you do with the orders of the voices?”

On the side of the “Jeanne Maiden,” as she called herself, she had an unfathomable reputation and irresistible loyalty to her mission. And also the legend that circulated in France, that the country could be devastated by the appearance of an immaculate maiden sent by God.

Vaughn denied the Dauphin Charles the right to silence the army. On May 8, 1429, the fate of Zhanna was taken over by the army of Orleans. After the series of victories, Charles was brought to Reims, where French monarchs were traditionally crowned, and France had a legitimate king.

The evil is made known

The maximalism of Jeannie, who demanded the further liberation of the French lands, having entered into the supernatural with the intentions of the extremity of Charles, was the will of the way of negotiations and action. The Virgin of Orleans, having earned her right, began to be respectful. At their own expense, the English and their allies in France tried to get even with this, which ruined all their plans.

Joan of Arc spent a lot of time and slept a lot. Many people respect what they spent as a warlord for the military successes, but in reality this is not entirely true.

Joan of Arc at the coronation of Charles VII. Jean Auguste Dominique Engr, 1854. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

The opponents of the Virgin of Orleans did not need to live as poor as “messengers of God.” That's why she was called by heresy.

Jeanne spent the entire 23 May 1430 fate, when she drove from the corral to Comp'en, surrounded by the Burgundians, allies of the English. Here the Virgin of Orleans was trivially greeted by raising a place near the place that cut her way to the entrance.

King Charles Jeanne was not helped, after which the Burgundians sold the girl to the English for 10,000 francs.

On the 23rd of 1430, Jeanne was brought to Rouen. English diploma King Henry VI As of 3 June 1431, she was transferred to the jurisdiction of Bishop Beauvais, who was responsible for conducting a trial over her.

Inquisition process of Bishop Cauchon

It was fundamentally important for the English that the Virgin of Orleans should be recognized as guilty of lies by the French clergy themselves, since it would not be enough to ruin the image of the “messenger of God” in the eyes of the French people.

The inquisition process in Rouen has ended Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais, entrusted to the person of the Duke of Burgundy

At the meetings at the Royal Chapel of Rouen Castle, there were 15 doctors of sacred theology, 4 doctors of canon law, 1 doctor of both rights, 7 bachelors of theology, 11 licentiates of canon law, 4 licentiates of civil law no rights.

Joan of Arc. Miniature of the other half of the 15th century. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

The bishop placed in front of Zhanna the faceless flocks that would slightly accuse her of heresy.

Cauchon asked her to publicly read the “Our Father” - despite the fact that, according to the Inquisitorial rules, any pardon or sudden hesitation during the hour of reading the prayer could be considered as a confession of “heresy”. Jeanne managed to leave the camp with honor, prompting Cauchon to work within an hour of speaking - as a spiritual person, the bishop could not see her, and at the same time, according to church laws, he was in danger of preserving everything in the dungeon. those im.

At each court session, both open and closed, they were given dozens of meals, and if careless, the answer could become “vikritty”. Unrespectful of the educated and professionally trained people who stood in front of her, they did not manage to make Jeanne happy, and she was completely desperate.

12 points of “amendments”

At the meeting on February 28, 70 articles were read, which were based on Zhanni’s own meetings. “She is a rebel, a rebel who overwhelms and destroys the world, a driller before wars, an evilly greedy human blood and stirs up before it spills, completely and without a doubt threw up decency and streamed her article, which accepted without any doubt the criticism and denunciation. Therefore, for many other reasons, disgusting to God and people, the church deanery is a violator of divine and natural laws, a co-operator of the sovereigns and the common people; she allowed and allowed, in the image and gift of God, for them to wander around and admire her, letting them kiss their hands and clothes, cashing in on someone else’s loyalty and human piety; “She is a heretic or at least strongly suspected of heresy,” the preamble reads.

Finish Jeannie with the Cardinal of Winchester (Paul Delaroche, 1824). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

The court needed to be exposed to lies that resembled Jeannie herself, and it immediately seemed that the theologians would have to admit that the “voices” that she was talking about were not divine, but devilish. Ale Maid of Orleans steadfastly threw out similar calls.

As a result, the courts decided to focus on the articles, where knowledge was not required. Just before we talked about the lack of respect for the authority of the church and about wearing a man’s robe.

The axis of the 12 main points of Jeannie’s “oman”, confirmed by the Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris:

1) Jeannie's words about the appearances of angels and saints are either clues or resemble devilish spirits.

2) The appearance of an angel who brought the crown to King Charles is a clue and the death of the angelic rank.

3) Zhanna is gullible because she respects the fact that in good fun one can recognize the saints.

4) Zhanna is passionate and self-confident, respectful of what she can prophesy about the future and recognize people she has never met before.

5) Jeanne breaks the divine law by wearing a human robe.

6) She urges to kill the enemies, and insists that it is the will of God to do so.

7) Having deprived her of her home, she broke the covenant about her father’s mischief.

8) My attempt to flow in, having been stripped from the old Beaurevoir, was clearly revealed, leading to self-destruction.

10) The affirmation that the saints should speak French, because the stench is not on the side of the English, is a bluesman's attitude towards the saints and violates the commandment of love for one's neighbor.

11) Vaughn is an idolater who calls out demons.

12) Vaughn does not dare to submit to the judgment of the Church, especially in meals about revelation.

Monument to the city of Jeannie's passion (1928). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

"Repeated lies"

On May 24, 1431, Joan of Arc signed a pamphlet about the teachings of heresies. The whole thing was ruined by direct deception - Pierre Cauchon demonstrated that he had already prepared a wealth of money, after which he promised not to waste it, but to translate it into a relationship with the brightest minds. For this, Jeanne signed a papier in which she vowed to join the church and no longer wear human cloth. The girl couldn’t read it, so the priest read the text. As a result, the Virgin of Orleans felt one thing, and signed (or rather, put a cross) on the paper, which said about the “beyond spoken heresy.”

There is a nuance to the fact that Zhanni’s words allowed her to escape the death of a mortal. It was officially announced that she would be condemned until repentance, eternally slain “on the bread of suffering and the waters of sorrow.” Zhanna changed into her wife's cloth, and they were turned to bed.

There is no way to deprive her alive. In order to send her to death, they performed a simple trick - the funeral took her woman’s clothing, depriving her of her human one. On May 28, 1430, the priests who arrived before her in the cell recorded “repeated lies.” Such guilt was inevitably punishable by death.

“Viconaty virok without shedding blood”

Judgment at that hour was spontaneously aroused. The church court, having established that Jeanne “fell into a great deal of mercy”, having handed over the evildoer to the secular authorities, followed this procedure with the prokhannas “to conquer the virtuous without shedding blood.” To sound humane, but in truth it meant auto-da-fe - living room with live bait.

Jeannie d'Arc's bedroom. Leaflet XIX century. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

On May 30, 1431, rumors about the excommunication of Joan of Arc from the church as a religious apostate and heretic and surrender to secular justice were heard on the square of the Old Rinco in Rouen.

That same day Zhanna was wasted. The strategy procedure is described as follows: a paper miter with the inscription “Heretic, apostate, idolater” was placed on Jeannie’s head and she was led to the rich. “Bishop, I am dying through you. I call you to God’s judgment!” Zhanna shouted and asked for her cross. Kat stretched two intersections of the khmizu. When the fire reached her, she shouted “Jesus!” several times.

The stratum waged oppressive hostility against the inhabitants of Rouen. Most commoners liked maidens.

Rehabilitated posthumously

On the cob of the 1450s, if King Charles VII After Jeanne's accession to the throne, having restored control over a large part of the country, the problem of the Virgin of Orleans again came to the fore. It turned out that the monarch had cast off his crown as an inveterate heretic. The owner did not accept the value, and Karl ordered to collect documents for a repeat process.

Evidence was obtained from participants in the first trial. One of them William Kohl, lister and notary of the Inquisition, declaring that the people who judged Jeanne “died an evil death.” Truth, the low number of participants in the process either appeared or perished due to wondrous circumstances. For example, Jean Estivet, close associate of Cauchon, who did not attract hatred to Zhanni, drowning in the swamp soon after.

Tombstone of Pierre Cauchon. Chapel of St. Mary, Lizio. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Looking at the implementation of Karl’s order, the action was taken to ensure that the process resulted from gross violations of the law. 1455 fate new look, correct with gratitude Tato Calixtus III, who sent three of their representatives to supervise the process

The look will be large-scale: the court was held in Paris, Rouen and Orleans, and more than 100 certificates were received.

7 days ago 1456 years old verdict, saying that every point of guilt against Zhanni is simple according to the evidence. The Virgin of Orleans was completely vindicated, as a sign of which one copy of the accused was publicly opened.

Holy is that "pig"

About 500 years later, the church respected that the national heroine of France was of great importance. U 1909 Tato Pius X having declared Joan blessed, and on May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized her. Today, a statue of Saint Joan is in most Catholic churches in France.

Before her trial, Bishop Pierre Cauchon, the Frenchman who begins the story about the story of the trial of Jeanne, does not bother to clarify that this person truly lived up to her nickname. Cochon means “pig” in French.

Causes of the Centenary War. The accession of the Valois dynasty to the French throne, putting an end to the so-called hundred-hundred-year war between France and England, which is of primary importance for the further history of France.

The main reason for this war lay in the English provinces, which had already been lost to France, and in the regions of Guienne and Gascony. The English king managed to become a vassal of the French king. On the other hand, for the unification of France this region was also needed. To what extent is it necessary to add one more important situation, which was caused by the closest cause of the war. The nickname of Valois, after the adoption of the direct senior line of the Capetians, was a dispute with the younger line. The Valois were henchmen of the feudal lords and had no small intention of pursuing the common policy of their successors. Other feudal lords were willing to encourage them, and the Valois came to the French throne in particular Pylipas VI, nephew of Pylip IV the Handsome. Once again, a supernik appeared, English King Edward III, Having laid claim to the French throne as the son of Philip IV the Fair, his daughter Isabella, who married the English king Edward II, became the mother of Edward III 1. To strengthen his rights to the French throne, Edward III sought the help of legists, who had earned richly for the increase of royal power in France. The legislators examined Edward's right and recognized his right to the French throne as valid, inferior to the rights of Philip of Valois.

To this dynastic power also came economic interests. Flanders required English cloth to spin its cloths, and England demanded Flemish cloth. During the first days of his reign, Philip VI had already invaded the Flemish region, after which Flanders began to draw closer to England. It was also important to support the greater development of its trading activities with it. In addition, France encouraged Scotland to rebel against England, which England considered absolutely unacceptable. All these tabletops filled the camp with fire, so that war became imminent. Thus began the Centenary War, which would shape the rest of the history of France.

Fight at the Crescent and Poitiers. The military fields rose up in the Flanders region. The French suffered strong defeats at Cres (in ancient France) in 1346. This battle, especially the son of Edward III, so called the Black Prince, gave signs of the continued superiority of the English troops over the French. The former acted according to a carefully thought-out plan, strictly and together, fighting under the command of one leader. kerivnitstva.U The hundred-hundred-year war began to stagnate gunpowder. Failure followed the French and the attacker Philip VI, John the Good.

Under the new English, under the leadership of the energetic Black Prince, they devastated Aquitaine before the final decline of France. John the Good came out against them, near the town of Poitiers, on the day of the Loire, in 1356, there were defeats, burials in full and removals to London.

Full of John the Good, having placed France at the base of his camp. The ruler of the state of the former kingdom for an hour was full of the king, the son of the Dauphin, Charles (the Dauphins were called in France by those who succeeded to the throne; the name Dauphin is similar to the province of Dauphine). Shortly after the Battle of Poitiers, the situation between the warring parties was depressing for France, which ended the war at any time. Ivan Dobry was released from fullness to France; However, he was unable to collect the sum of pennies necessary for his purchase from the English, turning back to London, where he suddenly died.

France's military failures occurred on the inner right. The townspeople began to suffer again under feudal Swaville. All classes were incredibly calm about the French defeats and called among some royal lovers. Great dissatisfaction cried out in the same way, to which the first Valois were especially willing to go in order to correct the costs, and most often, re-cart coins; the coin is unimportant

I took away the name from the color of my armor. Died a river before the death of Edward III. The Black Prince descended from the throne to Richard II.

La svichaynom phenomenon. During the river before the Battle of Poitiers, in the span of one fate, the coin was minted 18 times.

During the marriage, the voices about the loss of royal power became stronger. Whose entire senses and general staff have been determined, the calls under John the Good are already full. But the general staff were especially brave when they called after the battle of Poitiers and the king’s presence, since there was complete disarray in the region. The new states, which were the largest of the representative places, presented the regent with low powers, which demarcated his power and gave great rights to the states, then the regent's turmoil would be of use. Vlada moved to the states. There was no ale in them; They began to quarrel with each other and, having decided, separated according to the king’s order.

Representatives of the Parisian lord's camp buried him, and Etienne Ma s e l became the lord's head. Regent ducks from the capital. To top it all off, the villagers stood up. This uprising is known in history under the name of the jacquerie, due to the disrespectful call of the villagers Jacques bonhomme (Jacques the simpleton). the image that was raging in France at that hour. The Zhorstoks mercilessly burned down feudal castles and blamed their rulers. The townspeople, who had a stronghold in the villages of their allies, swore at them, angry at their cruelty. The force of the regents and nobles was strangled and the insurrection. Marseille was killed. ended in failure.

Charles V and Charles VI. After the death of John the Good, Charles V, nicknamed Wise, became king of France. Effectively, having established possible order in the state, having brutalized, beginning with the knowledge of the latest defeats, respect for all the military tactics and achievements of significant successes. For this reason, the French gained a lot of power over the English. In military affairs, Charles V knows of himself as an active and rightful assistant in the person of Robert Du Guesclin, 2 who understands little about the way the French conducted the war and largely adopted English tactics.

"The Jacquerie began at the end of the grass of 1358, which burned in Beauvaise, on the outskirts of Paris, and scoured a large part of the outside of France - Ile-de-France, Picardy and Champagne. Standing at the feet of those who stood up was William Cal, familiar with the military right. The villagers rebelled at Chernya defeated, the reprisal against them lasted two months.

2 Bertrand Du Guesclin - commander-in-chief (constable), who achieved success in the war with the English in the 70s of the 14th century.

With the death of Charles V, the most difficult period of the war began for France. His successor, Charles VI, was a weak sovereign due to his character and had previously suffered from the strong attacks of God. After some interruption in the military affairs through English internal structures, the uprising of the villagers in England and the change of dynasties, which France did not suffer, the military affairs resumed.

The English king Henry V attacked modern France and defeated the French army in 1415 at Agincourt, near Calais. After this, Henry V proceeded to conquer Normandy, as it was never easy to submit to the English king. The main place of Normandy, Rouen, came into being after the debacle. Henry V built a tract of land near the place. The inscription Henry, King of France (Henricus rex Franciae) appeared on the coins. Near this hour, the great French feudal lord, the Duke of Burgundy, passed to the side of Henry V and was ready to learn his right to the French throne. To further secure his rights to France, Henry V decided to make friends with the daughter of Charles VI, Catherine. France at this important time concluded a treaty with Henry V at Troyes, recognizing him as the successor of the French king, after which Henry became friends with Catherine. Offending kings came to Paris: Charles VI and Henry V; The rest was already arranged in Paris, as in its own country. One current historian wrote: “Paris, the ancient seat of French royalty, has become the new London.” However, not all French were at peace with the Treaty of Troyes. The son of Charles VI and the reigning Dauphin, also named after Charles, knew a lot of henchmen. In 1422, Henry V of England and Charles VI of France died (Henry at Vincennes, near Paris), one after another.

Henry VI and Charles VII. In Paris, Henry V's son Henry VI was voted king of France and England, instead of whom the former English Duke of Bedford ruled in France. “So the title is Dauphin Charles,” son of Charles VI, who lives in one castle near the town of Bourges, after the news about the death of his father was removed, they voted king in the chapel of the castle. France is small as two territories, one French, the other English, and two queens - one in ancient France, the other in the Loire. The new French king of part of France Charles VII with a weak and insignificant specialness. His position was truly critical. The English troops took a fortified place on the Loire, Orleans, after taking it, the English would have free access to Trans-Loire France. Orleans forcibly vitrified the obloga. It seemed that France would soon turn into an English province.

The humiliation of Fatherlandism was destroyed extremely strongly nationally. The French hated their new masters of the English, who were the new rulers of the land and did not show respect for the interests of the French. The French king was at his side. Residents of the place, who had previously lived by trade, were completely destroyed, and after the terrible war, all trade ceased. The villagers were strangled by taxes and had little opportunity to reclaim their fields devastated by armies and battles; the stench deprived them, hung out in the forests, walked the great roads and often became robbers. Hired troops, wary military operations interrupted, obtained all their needs from the civilian population; There was no steady military force, which took away the duty from the state, both in peacetime and in times of war, and even in France. The people marveled at all the evil, as if they were punished by God for their sins, and repented of them. It seemed to the population that the greedy human power was no longer able to revive the Fatherlandism that had perished. France could have been destroyed without the power of God, the help of the fire.

The people, who have embraced the religious fervor, are grateful for this help of God and have counted on the miracle of the salvation of Fatherland. Among the people, prophecies began to spread about the possibility of France losing the English yoke. They often heard about one prophecy, which said that a maiden might come from an oak forest, between Lorraine; You will be a soldier of France. The outlandish awareness of something supernatural, miraculous has reached the extreme level of tension. This guilty moment has become famous in France Joan of Arc, This is the name of the Virgin of Orleans.

Joan of Arc was born in the village of Domremi, on the border of Lorraine and Champagne, in the family of a peasant and helped her father in her field work, and her mother in the household. i; there was a unique marriage and primary children Igor’s favorite walks were her local church and her great farm, and she especially loved the garden that grew up nearby.

Some French historians note that Joan of Arc was a royal daughter, the daughter of Duke Louis of Orleans and Queen Isabella of Bavaria, who was also the sister-in-law of Charles VII, who had a unique bedroom for a large number of people and who became a squad Yu lyricist Robert.

an oak tree, under the thick leaves of which I spent a whole year. The local people believed that spirits and fairies lived under this oak tree. From her lowest point, Jeanne heard a little about the terrible war that France was going through, about the unfortunate king whom no one could help, about the suffering of the common people, who turned into a foal. Zhanna grew up in the midst of these experiences. The first little girl, and later the younger girl, developed a whole series of enemies from which she was not separated throughout her entire life.

When Jeanne was fifteen years old, the drives of the English and the Burgundian armies allied to the English reached the region where she lived; First there was the fear of war. The nervous nature of the girl, under the influx and constant rumors about the humiliation of France and the king, became even more nervous. Jeanne began to be seen; There began to be faint voices that began to call to go to France, rescue the Dauphin and restore him to the throne. St. Catherine, St. Margarita and Archangel Michael supported her and supported her. In front of the icons of the first two saints, Jeanne prayed for a long time at the local church. Archangel Michael, depicted on the ensigns of Charles VII, especially popular in France. Little by little, the young girl became convinced that she herself, by God’s promise, could save France from ruin and restore Charles to her father’s throne.

To complete her plan, Jeanne went to the head of the nearest town of Vaucouleurs, Bodré do ou, and asked him to help her get to the Dauphine. Having been confronted with her first and mistaking her for being stolen, Baudricourt little by little took advantage of Jeannie’s rogue and decided to deliver her to the castle of Chinon in the town of Bourges, where the Dauphin Charles was still alive. Before the funeral of many luminaries and soldiers appointed by Baudricourt, Jeanne, having dressed herself in warrior's cloth, went straight to the north.

The way is very unsafe; The English and Burgundians were wandering everywhere, and they could easily have wanted Jeanne. However, ten days later she safely reached Chinon. The people have already begun to become more sensitive about the unimportant girl. At Chinon's, Jeanne was not immediately accepted by the king. With the help of the Angevin Duchess, Charles received Jeanne from the presence of the court; To try it out, she mixed with the crowd of courtiers, but Jeanne went straight to the next level herself. Rozmova and Zhanna bumped into the king. But in order to be completely convinced of its rightness, it was necessary to try it with the faith, because at that time they were especially afraid of heretics and chakluns. Bishops and theologians have long ruled over Jeanne's trial at Poitiers. For all their cunning and confused teachings about the faith, Jeanne gave clarity to all the songs of the faith, after which she was recognized as true.

At this hour, Orleans, taxed by the English, having already lost hope of the punishment. Zhanna asked for her to be given military supplies to liberate the place under siege. They gave him everything, and the girl, dressed in warrior’s cloth, led him to Orleans. Before the war, she wrote to the Duke of Bedford, the English ruler of France, asking for the English to clear French territory. In this animal world, the English, of course, filled it with mocking images.

Everything that happened to Zhanna has changed completely: she has acquired a strong way of living, order and strict discipline. The celebrations near Orleans went into the distance. With armor, with sholoma, with an ensign in her hands, Zhanna led her troops to attack. The English, who had arrived with fresh forces, were given a fight, otherwise they would be defeated by the French. Orleans was liberated from the incredible buried treasures of the Zustrias.

The city of Orleans as seen by the English little greater significance. The French have drank too much, so that the stink, if found, can be transferred; This instilled hope in the country of France and raised the national spirit; Well, those who learned the English pannuvania through the primus stove began to think differently. After Orleans, all the French gathered together for vigorous activities for the sake of the renewal of France, and Jeanne celebrated the angel sent by God to fight the Fatherland.

Alas, Jeannie’s mission (sent, message) has not yet ended with the permission of Orleans: she has decided to crown the Dauphin at Reims. After such a voyage, Charles crashed to Reims, where he lay near the land of France. Shlyakh buv is far from carefree. Having seen the battle with the English in the distance, Charles entered Reims and there, in 1429, fate began Coronation of Charles VII. At the hour of the ceremony, Jeanne stood as ensign beside the royal throne. Its glory has reached the greatest borders and has already passed beyond the borders of France; They talked about her with wonder and hope in Germany, Italy and other countries. The English hated her, believing that she was achieving success with the help of the devil’s power. The crowning of Charles caused great hostility in France and immediately raised the importance of the king among the French, so many regions began to openly flock to the side of Charles VII.

After these successes, Karl relapsed into his original indifference and ceased to support Jeanne. First bad luck befell Jeanne during the attack on Paris, when she, not immediately withdrawing help, was wounded and had little access; Charles did not allow a second attack on Paris.

One failure was enough for Jeannie to become weak. There are a small number of enemies and defenders who, in their own way, were trying to gain the trust of the rebel France. About an hour later, at the capture of the town of Comp'ien, near ancient France, Jeanne went to the Duke of Burgundy, an ally of the English, who handed her over to the rest. The English wanted to take revenge on Jeanne for all the humiliation she had suffered. She was put in a tight prison, where she knew the hardships at the side of rude English soldiers. In Rouen, a trial was held for the fate of the French clergy, who acted badly against the English, led to the right in advance and, having called Jeanne a sorceress, was condemned to the bedroom. Greedy for injustice, the virok was victorious at Rouen on May 30, 1431. Sharpened by English soldiers, Zhanna was brought to the square; They put a hat on her with the inscription: “A heretic who has fallen again into sin, an apostate, an idolater.” When they took her to the prison and tied her to the stand, she asked for a cross; Then, it seems, one Englishman crossed two cods and crushed them. Zhanna, having kissed the cross, pressed him to her breasts. The half of me fell away, and within a few seconds the sufferer was gone. The remaining word that she used for the most part was “Jesus!” There are many people present during the weeping stratum; The deeds of the Judges repented and, walking out of the square, said: “We killed the saint.” Martyr's death Zhanni fell like a dark flame on the English and on the French clergy. Karl, without having earned anything, could empty his heap. Twenty-five years later, Jeannie was looked at on the right, and she was recognized as innocently condemned. For example, at the end of the 19th century, the Catholic Church recognized Joan as blessed; their families in France are rewarded with a great honor.

Golovne The significance of Jeannie d'Arc in the history of France lies in the fact that, in the hour of complete collapse, she firmly expressed herself in favor of justice, and in patriotism, in love before Batkivshchyna, How little do you get the most attractive looks and beauty? One historian correctly wrote that “the Champagnes, the Bretons, the Normans, the Burgundians and others - all rushed before her for the evil clique - Fatherlandism!” The national feeling of the French about Jeanne's fury burned, broke up, consumed France and escaped from the English panic.

Jeannie's death did not help the English, who after 1431 began to suffer one failure after another. Reasons for the rest

“On the eve of 1920, the Pope declared Joan of Arc a saint. To this end the French Republic stands sacred to Joan of Arc, sacred to patriotism.

spent time with the internal confusion of England and especially with the reconciled Duke of Burgundy with Charles VII; With the duchess, the English lost their strong ally in France. In a short time, the English were driven out of all the French regions they had occupied and until 1453 captured only the city of Calais on the English Channel. Before the war, France did not belong to the regions of France, Guienne and Gascony, and also submitted to it.

Thus ended the hundredth war. For France, it was the remaining test of the path to the creation of a unified French state. The first representatives of the Valois wanted, as it was said above, to renew the feudal order in order to lose the wise and easy work of the Capetians. The Centenary War showed that it was disastrous for France. The Valois were about to turn to the Capetian policy, and the hidden misfortunes of the Hundred-Hundred War created a single nation from France.

Reform of Charles VII. The Centenary War made it difficult for the weak and weak-willed Charles VII to carry out reforms in the country. Karl showed great respect to the re-formation of the army, the fragments of the stationary royal army. The military forces were delivered to the king's death by the feudal lords, who were now ready to revoke the royal will. The king also used hired troops, which were sometimes unsafe both for the enemy and for France itself. Sensing the urgent need for to the stationary royal army, As soon as things were decided, Charles VII sought from the States General to issue a regular tax to the early armies. From now on, the king has ordered his regular army - both for hunting and for war. The creation of a steady, properly elected army served a great service for the further development of the royal power and the creation of the local state.

Under Charles VII, the diet of the wholly French, as was often said, of the Gallican clergy before the pope, became increasingly important. A strong power with firm royal rule could not allow the papal throne to freely dispose of the church in France. At the town of Bourget a gathering was called, as they had received such a name "A pragmatic sanction." This sanction largely limited papal power within the borders of the French state; She set up a council more for the pope, greatly changed the pope’s rights to the massacre of church assemblies, and limited his right to the court. This was the beginning of these “liberties of the Gallican Church,” as France often later promised in its relations with France.

Louis XI.

After the death of Charles VII, his son Louis XI (1461–1483) ascended the throne.

Growing up during the era of the Hundred Years' War, Louis, during his time as Dauphin, was at odds with his father Charles VII and more than once took his part in the war against the rest. Having ascended the throne after the death of his father, Louis XI set the method of his life to reclaim the feudal lords who had lost their fortunes and to increase the absolute (independent) power of the king. That's why he gave his greatest respect to the gentleman's camp. Today, the historian Philip de Commines wrote: “It was immediately obvious that the new king would be a king of the common people, and not a king of nobles.” The most secure enemy of Louis XI was the strong feudal lord, the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Compassionate, who ruled Burgundy and Franche-Comté at a similar cordon and the Netherlands - overnight. The feudal lords, who united against Louis, created the title of the Legislative Good. In the struggle that was fought, Ludovik XI experience and perform certain actions.

Having decided that he would not yet be able to run into all the feudal lords, the cunning and successive Louis XI indulged in subtle politics; having decided to overcome them one by one; for whom one particular feudal lord was raised against another, who was raised against these and other feudal lords, etc. and not just his subjects, but his fellow Swiss. The Swiss defeated Charles in two battles, and at the third battle of Nancy near Lorraine, Charles was killed. After this defeat, Louis XI accepted B u r g u n d i y; The rest of the Volodymyr Duchy of Burgundy passed into the hands of the German sovereigns, and the daughter of Charles the Smiling, Maria, married Maximilian, the future German sovereign. After Burgundy, the Volunteer and other feudal lords who took part in the Lise's fortune were still annexed to France. It was especially important to acknowledge at the very beginning of the meeting, beyond the Rhone, the region of Provence with such harbors on the Mediterranean Sea as Marseille and Toulon. In this way, Louis XI rounded off the French territory, completely corrupting the political power of the feudal lords and creating a single power with solid royal rule in the center. France was not yet at the end of Brittany and the days, at the neighboring Pyrenees, Navarre and Béarn.

In the internal administration, Louis XI even like the locals, who actively encouraged him to fight against the feudal lords; Many places were taken away from the new free charter. Revealing the same turbulence about the courts, founding parliaments in the acquired regions, thus subordinating the regional court to their royal court, the main parliament, which sat in Paris. Louis XI did not trust the States General and called them more than once; The provincial states were busy collecting food tributes and were under permanent orders from Louis. In addition, we will also inform you about the development of trade and the reduction of roads.

Suspicion and cruelty, the authorities ignited the nature of Louis XI, Until the end of my life, they tried to hire. Afraid of swings and swings, at the end of their lives they lived near the gloomy fortifications of the castle of Plese i le Tours near the flowering valley of the Loire and lived there perhaps on their own. No one dared to approach the castle under the threat of death; Around the castle there were traps laid and fragmented hallways. Louis himself lives in a small place, sharpened by slimy garnets. Our closest relatives were allowed to do this by force; the servants were constantly changing. The most trusted persons in Louis at this gloomy hour were the cunning barber Olive and the historian Philip de Comnes, who came to serve before Louis from the Duke of Burgundy. Louis' cruelty was supernatural; Thus, one cardinal rubbed ten rocks at a small cell. In 1483 roci, attacks by blow, Louis XI died.

The death of Louis XI will end the history of Central France until the end XV The century was transformed into a strong, single power with the absolute power of the king. France has become an absolute monarchy.