Of little importance to the achieved successes is the change in the internal political situation of the region. Death 1953 b. I.V. Stalin became the beginning of the end of the totalitarian system he created and the beginning of the transition to a new course in domestic policy. The election of the First Secretary of the CPRS Central Committee N.S. Khrushchov began to pursue a course related to the social orientation of the economy, increasing capital investments in the government of group “B” and the rural state, with the granting of great rights to the workers of enterprises and collective hospitals. Particular respect was given to the development of rural dominion. At the same time, the main emphasis is on the developed virgin and fallow lands. Hundreds of new radio stations, machine and tractor stations were created near Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, roads were laid, and settlements were created. Naturally, this is an extensive route to the development of galusi. Ale vin, having achieved a 34% increase in agricultural production in five years, created new areas of agricultural production at the same time.
The transition in 1957 played a great role in the integrated development of regions and regional economies. on territorial principles of management. An important number of allied and republican ministries were involved, and enterprises were transferred to the creation of the republics, territories and regions of the People's Dominion. Their coverage was marked by the decentralization of government, the expansion of rights and material opportunities in the localities, and the democratization of the economy. However, this created difficulties for the unified foreign-power science and technology policy, dissipated resources, and reduced the effect of profit from the concentration of assets.
The church had a significant amount of time left to advance the level of living of the population. This was found to be true in the Law on Pensions, in reduced taxes, in the limited tuition fees for secondary school education, and in the established minimum guaranteed wages in the agricultural sector. And, with increased wages in other areas, short-term workloads and so on.
Particular successes have been achieved with the most pressing living problem. In the 1950s, easy loans began to be issued to the owners of individual budins. This has colored the life of small and medium-sized places and rural locality. In the 1960s, when designers and architects ensured the organization of standard living conditions on an industrial basis, living conditions in places grew sharply, which made it possible to ensure until the end of the 1970s In recent years, 80% of families have apartments nearby.
The growing zeal for popular enlightenment. The creation of a network of schools, technical colleges, and universities made it possible to formulate the rich personnel potential of the region, which had a positive impact on the development of science and culture. It is important that the development of the economy of the USSR in 1950-1970. The original role was played by officials of intensive growth, if the increase in national income and gross domestic product was ensured by the main goal of increased productivity and the advancement of scientific and technological progress. Born in 1950-1960 With the help of increased productivity, 73% of the national income was taken away. In 1961-1965, this figure reached 83.7%, and in 1966-1970. – 87%. Industrial development was ensured by a systematic increase in capital investments, the structure of which included direct expansion, reconstruction and technical refurbishment of existing enterprises.
Third NTR
Technical innovations have been widely adopted in the region's industry and transport. Apparently, during the hour of the Second World War, the third scientific and technological revolution (STR) began, which is divided into two stages: 1945 - mid-1960s and mid-1960s - late 1980s. The leaders of the first stage of modern scientific and technological revolution were the USA and the USSR.
The Radian Union has made drastic changes in technical development. The radio-electronic, atomic, chemical industries and equipment developed at a rapid pace. At the same time, the country developed its nuclear and missile potential, launched the world’s first satellite, and then a spaceship, launched the first human flight into space, launched the first nuclear power plants and marine nuclear power plants. and ships. Thus, high rates of economic development were ensured for the intensive type of expanded development.
In the period 1950-1970. In the country, a radical shift in the fuel balance was achieved: the production of oil and gas increased, and its share in the global supply of energy resources moved up threefold - from 19.7 to 60.2%. To transport these types of wood, pipelines were installed at long distances and with the largest diameters in the world with a high throughput capacity. Due to the network of pipelines that connected all the regions, behind the scenes of the Far East, a unified maneuverable naphtha gas supply system was created in the region.
The hundredth development has been cut off by sea transport, behind the tonnage of the Radyansky Union of Leaders in the heel of the world. The Radian fleet was the youngest after the age of ships. Such achievements of scientific and technological revolution, as a result of jet and turboprop aircraft, have become widely used in our country.
At the same time, a technical reconstruction of the railways and roads was carried out - switching to electric and diesel traction. Born in 1958 The SRSR stopped producing steam locomotives. Having developed the development of automobile transport, the scale of road activities has increased. All this meant drastic changes in the structure of the transport system - progressive methods of transferring became the basis. The belonging of the power's transport means ensured its mutual interaction; the transport system was a single power system.
The electric power industry developed at a high pace - the largest hydroelectric power stations and thermal power stations were built; nuclear activity began. Before 1970, the creation of the Unified Energy System of the European part of the USSR, including the Urals, the largest energy system in the world, was completed.
This period marks the development of television, initially black and white, and, from the 1960s, color. The range of relay stations is expanding, which is why the scale of television broadcasting is increasing, and there are even more regions and republics. In 1970 Ostankino TV channel was put into operation.
The development of new areas and birthplaces of bark copalinas has begun on a large scale. The country was urbanizing. National wealth grew in the form of thousands of new enterprises, hundreds of new places and settlements.
The development of new lands, the vitality of places and enterprises created new work places, which, in turn, ensured a healthy socio-psychological climate in the state, the productivity of the occupied workers, the lives of The smallest everyday and social-cultural benefits and services will be valuable for tomorrow.
Economic reform 1965 The progressive development of the economy of the USSR began in 1965. economic reform. It was determined, on the one hand, by the centralization of the management of the people's state by the way of liquidation of the Radnargospi and the creation of Galuzian ministries. On the other hand, the state government’s principle of government control in enterprises was revived, financial incentive funds were created, payments were introduced to the budget for the allocation of basic financial funds to enterprises, and more funds were given to enterprises. and the rights in Galuzia are planned and in all cases there were calls for acceptance of the increased commitment of labor collectives to the final results of production , increasing the level of intensification of the economy of our region.
Already the first signs of reforms were positive. In 1966-1970 pp. The region was able to achieve high rates of growth in key economic indicators. Science and industry developed at a rapid pace, which signify scientific and technological progress (machinery, electronics, energy, petrochemical industry, etc.). Due to the obligation of producing a number of types of industrial products, the USSR was ahead of the USA and took first place in the world.
Since the creation of the socialist countries, the international importance of the USSR has grown sharply, standing on the side of the light socialist system. Socialist orientation reached a lot of the Third World. Over the entire more than one thousand-year history of the Russian state, there has been no small amount of such high economic potential, the level of living standards of the population, international authority and the share of the world.
The crisis of the economy and the development of the shadow economy (1971-1985)
Nine, ten, eleven fives fell on the heads. The priority areas for the development of industrial production were nuclear power engineering (a new machine-building industry was created - nuclear engineering), and automobile manufacturing. The Church created the Unified Energy System of the USSR. Before the energy system of the European part, the Union acquired the Siberian energy system (the energy system served a territory with a population of over 200 million people). A nuclear power and heat and power plant was suddenly opened in the world. The activity of great industrial and transport facilities (the Kamsk Automobile Plant in Naberezhnye Chovny, the Volzsky Automobile Plant in Togliatti, the Baikal-Amur Mainline) continues.
A sign of the hour was the formation of great territorial-viral complexes, immediately in similar areas (Zakhidno-Sibirsky, Pavlodar-Ekibastuz, Pivdenno-Tajitsky, Sayansky etc.), which ensured the entire increase in the production of oil, gas, gillya.
In the period of birth 1971-1985 Large-scale promising programs for the development of energy, non-black soil, household goods, road infrastructure, and food programs were broken down.
Causes of negative phenomena in the economy
In the mid-1970s, symptoms of an economic crisis began to appear. There was an increase in the development of scientific and technological progress; the moral wear and tear of the installation in the wired galuzahs of industry; the establishment of infrastructural gaps from the main production has been strengthened; There was a resource crisis, which was reflected in the displacement of natural resources from critically accessible areas, from more expensive orchards, which are used for industrial production.
All of this was negatively marked on the main economic indicators of the people's rule of the region. With the cutaneous heel, the average rate of growth decreased, as illustrated by the table (in %).
The relationship between the increase in national income and the increase in fixed assets (and this is an important indicator of the economic efficiency of the people's dominion) was declining. From I960 to 1985 fixed assets have increased this time, and the national income has increased even more times. This showed that the region was developing along an important extensive path, then. The obligation for additional production and an increase in national income was achieved through advanced earnings from the generation of natural and labor resources, and the growth of fixed assets.
One of the reasons for this was the ambitious foreign policy of the region's agricultural sector, which required the necessary military potential, which was created by the military-industrial complex (MIC). For the development and replacement of the military-industrial complex, enormous material and financial resources were required, which could have been taken away for the sake of other restrictions of the people's rule and the low wages of workers.
All this, in its own way, was ensured by a strict administrative planned-divisional system of managing the region and its economy, limiting the limits of material and financial resources. In order to ensure that the Swede could seize these resources, priority was given to extensive methods of government rule, and the development of scientific and technological progress was streamlined.
Until the mid-1970s, the social and economic policy’s concessions to the Radian government became noticeable. Those that were acceptable before now caused endless problems. As a result of the imbalance of the conductive blocks of galuzes, the structure of the economy appeared to be unstable. During the rocks of socialism, the development of production methods (group “A”) was important.
The light food industry (group “B”) accounted for less than 10% of the main production funds. Therefore, in the global supply of industrial products, the share of food items was systematically reduced, as in 1986. totaled 24.7% versus 60.5% in 1928. This meant that the economy was not oriented towards the complete satisfaction of people's needs, a large part of industrial products was included in the sphere of commodity-penny trading, and the rest of the production was not sold, but distributed.
Such an economical policy led to the collapse of the social sphere, the remaining costs of living expenses, health care, lighting, and science were seen as being overpriced due to the inexorable reductions in their parts in the state budget.
In times of great growth in the scale of production, in the number of industrial enterprises and in the size of the population, the planned-divisional system of government management stalled. keruvannya mechanism. The state was unable to slow down the falling pace of production and was able to reinstate production plans, regardless of the reduction in their output from the five-fold; transfer the economy to intensive development, although this has been stated more than once; to encourage production of food production enterprises (their production has reached 40% of production), to ensure savings on the production of material, energy, and labor resources per unit of production; The economy became insensitive to scientific and technological progress, as a result of which the Radyansky Union became technologically superior to the Western countries.
To what extent did the underground obsessions go as far as they tried to defend the special subsidiary dominions; the sound of democratic ambushes near the country; monopolism of the grower; one-party political system. All this led to people becoming alienated from the suspenseful power and loss of interest to the end of the results. Whereas previously the people of the country could recognize the priority of the people's interests, now they did not believe the party's talk about a national state and about the possibility of communism in the region.
The reason for the negative phenomena in the economy was also voluntarism and, in many cases, insufficient respect for the professionalism of the bureaucrats of the high and middle ranks of the management of the so-called nomenklatura of party and government bodies c. The monopoly position of the Communist Party implied the uniform personnel policy of the region. It was directly focused on the integrity of the party system of training and promotion of key personnel. Fahivtsi and kerivniki could self-realize only by joining the Communist Party and working in party organizations, peasant, Komsomol and trade union bodies. Democratic centralism, the independence of the authorities of the party and other leaders of any kind, their intolerance to criticism led to the fact that before the party-radyan and any other nomenklatura individuals were often included but not to rule with reason, nor with innocence or other evils, necessary for pottery workers. Thus, with each generation, the intellectual and professional potential of the clergy of the party and civil society bodies, enterprises and organizations was extremely declining.
The low rate of payment does not prevent the saving of labor resources and the rapid access to scientific and technological progress. Extensive methods of economic development and the undeveloped development of new enterprises led to a gap between the number of working places and the increase in labor resources. Since in the pre-war and first war five years the increase in labor resources in the localities was ensured by the growth of the burghers of the rural localities, then until the 1980s these resources were practically exhausted. So, in 1976-1980 rocks. The increase in labor resources reached 11.0 million in 1981-1985. born in 1981. - over 3 million, in 1986-1990 rubles. -More than 2 million people. This led to a shortage of labor resources. The socio-economic legacies of this development were revealed in the reduced labor and technological discipline, the economical responsibility of workers for the results of spending, spending and spending.
The result of rich domestic and foreign policies was a change in the national wealth of the region. This can be seen from the current data (at current prices, billion rubles):
This change in national wealth is due to the fact that natural resources have changed more and more. It was reported that inflation was taking hold in the region, which, due to the economic adjustments, was approximately 3% for the river. Due to such inflation, the country's national income stopped growing in the 1980s. However, the population size has increased significantly. Well, the size of the national income and national wealth per capita has changed, then. There is an absolutely toothless population.
Militarisation of the economy One of the main reasons for the important economic state in which the country has found itself, the hypertrophy of the development of the military-industrial complex, is the militarization of the economy.
For many decades before the military-industrial complex, the most important part of the material and labor resources of the state was directly important. The end product of defense enterprises ensured the military potential of the region, and the economical return of material, financial and labor resources from the military-industrial complex to solve economic and social problems of the region was insignificant, however, the activities of these enterprises required large budgetary allocations, and their products were mainly formed . New technologies that were developed in the military-industrial complex, due to secrecy, did not find their way into other corners of the people's state, and therefore had no small influence on the development of scientific and technological progress in the country.
Insanely, at the cost of great efforts and for the sake of constant underfinancing of other parts of the state, the military potential of the USSR ensured the defensive strength of the state, as well as preserving geopolitical equality on the planet, standing up to the US military-industrial complex. However, this potential was blocked by the ambitious foreign policy of the Ukrainian government, and as a result of constant international tensions, the race was restored.
So it was 1950. in Pivnichny Korea, 1962. - in Cuba, if after the deployment of Radian missiles there, the US government presented the USSR with an ultimatum to liquidate them on the island. The world is between the new light war and the new thermonuclear war. Tables were formed with the regions of socialist friendship (countries in the Ugric region, Albania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia). Born in 1968 a military conflict broke out between the USSR and China through the Damansky Islands on the Amur River. This was the first history of the military separation of two powers from the socialist camp.
The military presence of the SRSR and the Radian revolution were in Korea, Vietnam, Angola, Egypt, Syria, Iraq and other powers.
Born in 1978 The USSR became involved in a protracted war in Afghanistan. This war has little serious legacy for the region, which emerged from the international authority of the USSR, further economical influence, and the negative psychological climate in the middle of the region.
The overwhelming development of the military-industrial complex and the rise of the civilized kingdoms of the people's rule have led to their technical inferiority and lack of competitiveness in the light market. In the middle of the country this caused a commodity famine and a permanent shortage of products necessary to meet the everyday needs of the population. These products were distributed at enterprises and installations in the so-called “export trade”. The number of everyday goods sold to the public led to corruption in the food industry and rising prices.
Discontent will flow from goods to the creation of underground enterprises and the development of the shadow economy, corruption of officials, social dissipation of the population, changes in the social structure of marriage, and growing dissatisfaction among the population.
Due to the constant shortage of material, financial and labor resources in the regional economy, there was daily competition for manufacturers of products and for services. As a result, there were daily incentives to increase the quality of products and services, to reduce costs and prices, to save resources, and to replace outdated installations. Until the mid-1980s, more than half of the plant's industrial park was under 50%. All of this, in its own way, has absorbed the advanced reach of scientific and technological revolution, just as ancient science has propagated them. Industrial products of the USSR lost their competitiveness in the light market.
The agro-industrial complex of the region is not functioning effectively enough. In rural agriculture, extensive methods were preferred. Out loudly afraid of expanding the use of land resources. Regardless of the growing population of thinness, organic goodness was weakly developed, chemical goodness was not available and their vigor was low. As a result, the productivity of the main agricultural crops of Siberia was markedly lower than in other European countries.
One of the reasons for the emergence of the agro-industrial complex is the weak development of infrastructure and the need for processing agricultural products. They were stocking up on goods for the future, roads in rural areas, repair services and spare parts for agricultural equipment. All this led to the fact that crops were not always taken over, harvests were poorly preserved, and there was a huge waste of agricultural products during transportation.
As a result, there was a permanent food crisis in the region, which made it difficult to purchase 20 million to 40 million tons of grain crops outside the border, and the food and light industry was not short of a sufficient amount of cheese.
In response to the unsafe legacy of the hypertrophied development of the military-industrial complex, the rise of the civilized kingdoms and the rural dominion has earned the respect of the region's scholars of the past - economists, sociologists, ecologists, etc. Alas, her idea did not turn out to be true. Until the mid-1980s, this began to be understood in the central authorities. The reason for this was the collapse of the financial state of the state,
Sovereign finances and financial crisis
In the 1960-1970s, one of the great resources of the state’s financial resources came from external economic activity. Much of the income comes from the sale of petroleum resources, most importantly oil. During this period, the country took over $150 billion. These funds were directly used for the purchase of equipment for enterprises, the maintenance of civil and military facilities, the purchase of food and consumer goods.
In the early 1980s, difficulties began to arise in the recovery of such fruits. This was based on low reasons. It has become more important to support the enormous production of naphtha. Old oil and gas industries were taken out. Geological minds and visions have become absorbed. Light naphtha has changed significantly. For the production of important oil, special equipment was needed, but the machine industry was not prepared for its production.
The situation in the international naphtha market has also changed. In recent years, the government has increasingly introduced energy-saving technologies. This caused a decrease in energy consumption. The competition between naphtha and footwear countries has intensified on the naphtha market. Naphtha prices decreased.
At the same time, the decline of the military-industrial complex, low-profit enterprises and non-viral spheres required larger budgetary allocations. Jerel was the current position and the country's gold reserves, which decreased from 2050 tons to 1953 rubles. up to 681 t 1987 r. and up to 340 t - 1996 rub.
The problem of our country’s current foreign debt, costing approximately $80 billion, was not an easy one. Almost as small as the other powers are. However, since the SRSR's collateralization was important to foreign firms and banks for the acquisition of industrial and agricultural products, the SRSR provided loans to other powers for the sale of the products of its military-industrial complex. These were the powers of the socialist camp (Vietnam, Cuba and others), and most importantly the countries of the Third World (Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Angola, Afghanistan and others), the currency exchange rate of which was extremely low.
Thus, as the expenditures of the sovereign budget to pay off external debts increased, then the income from external resources changed.
All this led to a decline in the state's finances, an increase in the budget deficit, which on a large scale was covered with the help of a penny emise and the growth of the country's internal war. Against this background, the need for increased budgetary allocations for the replenishment of the gas supplies of the people's rule grew. The subsidies, which reach one-fifth of all budgetary funds, practically eliminated the destitution and statelessness of enterprises and collective hospitals. The waste and unproductive waste of the people's dominion has increased dramatically. So, from 1981 to 1988. they grew from 12.5 billion to 29.0 billion rubles, including above-plan expenditures in industry and daily life increased from 364 million to 1076 million rubles, including write-off of expenses for non-operating and remaining capital assets Ivnitstva - z 2831 million to 4631 million rubles, Spending on thinness - from 1696 million to 1912 million rubles.
Let's just say that it was born in 1988. The total amount of revenue to the state budget reached 379.9 billion rubles, then. The cost of spending in the people's dominion was set at over 7% of budgetary funds.
These and other similar factors had a negative impact on the government’s finances, bringing the financial crisis closer to the beginning of the 1990s, which could not be overcome by the consistently weak ministers of finance (from 1985 to 1998 r. this posad was captured by eleven individuals, and for a few months). Most of the ministers of finance and their advocates were non-professionals, did not know financial problems and their responsibilities. Particularly often began to change the core of the financial department of the region in the 1990s. Ministerial leapfrog, from financial authorities to commercial structures of a large number of professional workers, a subsection of the Ministry of Finance to low independent agencies, the number of people between them proper coordination further weakened the system of managing the state's finances and the financial formation of the state.
Thus, the economic, and then the political, crisis that swelled from the end of the 1980s to the beginning of the 1990s was caused by a large number of ineffective economic policies, such as carrying out edges, and the ambition of international waterways. This led to the economical decline of the state, discrediting the socialist method of development and the entire world socialist system.
Do you know that in the 30-40s, the Radian marriage gave birth to a secular socio-economic innovation, on the basis of which already 50 years accounted for perhaps 85% of the current economy? Do you know that this very Radyan innovation ensured that Zakhad would overcome the USSR during the Cold War and scientific and economic leadership in the current world? And, before speaking, do you know that the church of the USSR was inspired by this innovation in the 60s?
At the hour of discussion of the Russian economy, most people are merging images of blackouts, shortages of goods, insanity, and the kerma of the region that is “eating up” all the budgetary pennies of the military-industrial complex. And if those who believe that this whole saga ended for the USSR, many a priori consider the planned economy to be ineffective, and the socialist method of production to be flawed. Although we have great respect for Zahid and, without understanding how the current economy is really governed there, we insist that we need a market, private power and other benefits of the “civilized” world. However, there are some very important nuances here that I want to tell you about.
Unfortunately, I couldn’t put everything in one place, so let’s take a quick look at those basic (and few people know) economic postulates on which this innovation of the “Stalinist economy” (1928-1958) was based.
Following the tradition, I give the deed on the cob itself:
It is impossible to look at the Radian economy as a whole. It is chronologically and logically divided into several stages: a) military communism; b) NEP; c) Stalin's economy; d) Kosigin-Liberman reforms; d) skorennya and perebudova.
At the heart of Stalin’s economy (in addition to the strengthening of power and the systemic approach in appearance) lay the law of vertical integration, the strengthening of the given kindness and the promotion of goodwill among the citizens.
The main goal of the socialist method of production is the promotion of the goodwill of the community. Capitalist – maximizing profits per hour.
Socialism has been given the chance to increase. For capitalism - it is appropriated by single people and groups of people.
Let's start with the fact that the Radian period in the history of the economy of our region is divided into several stages. And there were such different stages that we need to talk not about the Russian economy, but about the economic models of the adjacent periods. It is important to understand this fact. We also have a lot of respect for the fact that everything that happened after NEPU was the continuation of Stalin’s industrialization and collectivization. And this is completely wrong, because The Stalinist economy is only a part of the Radian economy. Just as part of the Radyan economy was saddened and perebudova for Gorbachov. And putting a sign of equality between the economy of Stalin and the economy of Gorbachev is, at a minimum, unusual.
Initially (and not without a good life), the Bolsheviks had to resort to direct distribution of products without paying pennies, which marked the transition to the policy of military communism. This period spanned from the present day 1918 to the beginning of 1921. The remains of military communism did not meet the requirements of the ruler's everyday life in peaceful minds, and the Gromadyansk War went to its logical conclusion, and from 14 March 1921 a new phase began, which took away the name NEP. I won’t go into detail about it as an advanced stage, except to point out that it actually ended before 1928.
The report focuses on the current phase – the Stalinist economy, which spans the period from 1928 to 1958. I want to take a closer look at this period for many reasons.
First of all, the vast majority of people have the most abundant wines. I would like to endlessly love the world-famous effective manager, without particularly going into the specifics of what I have earned. Well, he complains about the “millions of people shot especially by Stalin,” points out the free work of “50 million people incarcerated in the Gulag” and affirms that this very bastard (Gazzaev) is to blame for all the current problems Russia, because NEP furious.
In a different way, and at the same time, marvel at the table.
As before 1928, after WWII, the Gromadian War, the intervention of the Entente and the Nepu, the Russian economy stood out from the economies of the region more, lower in 1913. It was extremely clear when describing Yosya in 1931: “from the advanced countries - by 50–100 years. It’s our fault to run through this place at ten rocks. Otherwise we will be crushed, otherwise we will be crushed.”
As a result of industrialization in 1927–1940. V. Nearly 9,000 new factories were created in the country, the production of industrial products in 8 times, and according to this indicator, the USSR was the leader in another place in the world after the United States. Born in 1941 The Great German War began, which we ended in Berlin and... reached the pre-war level of production until 1948, simultaneously lending to the future economy of our future partners with the Allied Forces (all of the United Europe). I’ll guess that in the next 10 years around the atomic bomb, we visited the world first with the AES, launched the GES, blew up the water bomb, launched the first satellite, launched over 600 enterprises in the countries of the REV, set up the channel and that's it.
I repeat, after WWII we reached the pre-war level of industrial production in less than 3 years. And this is after perhaps three fates of the most powerful occupation. And without external help. I don’t know who and how, but especially for me, food has always been a problem, how did it work out for us? Since the economy of the 30s and 40s was unsustainable and ineffective, how did we achieve such indicators?
The forerunner of vertical integration
The basis of the socialist economy, as we know, is the principle of enhancing the ability of generation. Plus, the libraries are based on cooperation and mutual assistance (let’s face it, so to speak). We don’t talk about this by name, because... there is a lot of philosophy here. And the point is that the socialist economy is dead. will be consistent with the law of vertical integration, for which profits are drawn from the final product.
You ask, what kind of law is this? I'll point the butt. Mi maєmo furniture vyrobnitstvo. In order to assemble a wardrobe, it is necessary to assemble the material (MDF, glass), fittings, folding, delivery. In the current Russian economy, all these speeches call for dealing with various companies that are not bound by everyday duties. Firm X will supply with its own mark-up of 10-15% (+ surcharges), Firm X2 - MDF with a mark-up of 10-15% (+ surcharges), Firm X3 - fittings with a mark-up (+ surcharges), etc. As a result, the partnership of goods that Firm P collects and sells is growing significantly. Aja Firma has to purchase all the materials that already contain a number of ends.
However, that's not all. Our wardrobe needs to be sold, and for this purpose it is displayed on the podium in the store, which belongs to another Company G. In accordance with Russian specifics, the store puts another 80-100% on the wardrobe. As a result, we have a price of 50,000 rubles with a real cost of 20,000 - 25,000 rubles. This is an emergency situation for a capitalist economy, because her skin lanka virobnitsva pragne otremat the maximum gain in one hour.
What are we doing? First of all, we have a lewd parasite sitting at the end of the bow, through which the price of the dishonest will be fought. Vіn does not report any zhusil. Don't hesitate to do anything. There are simply excess profits due to the increased price of products. In another way, our products become uncompetitive compared to, for example, Belarusian products, where the rental rates and wages are lower, and the materials are cheaper. Thirdly, the price of shafi is crowded with ordinary citizens and reduces their goodwill. It is clear that this problem is not limited to the Shafi, but to everyone in our economy.
How could this production be organized in a vertically integrated complex? We would have lost all the companies X, X2, X3, etc. However, they would have been merged within a single holding company, to which all the intervening companies transferred their products to Firm P for joint participation. And Firm P would already sell its products with the necessary attention to detail. No one would have to deduct profits from intermediate products and silicates. All profits are from the final product. Can you see how much more efficient the business and the economy as a whole would be?
You ask, and why should all the companies live from this little guy? You can't beat the stench of profits. It's simple. Due to the possibility of minimal rental rates, in order to re-insure on the cost of food and cheap raw materials, it is possible that the final product will be redistributed throughout the entire holding.
You will say that you can’t trivialize the profit. Not so. I’ll explain it in the simplest way possible. 1000 nasinin salad costs 5 rubles. 75-80% of this plant will germinate in healthy plants, for which you can get 60 to 150 rubles for the split. Today 1 will bring in revenues 12,000 times more, lower than your totality. Do you feel the difference? Think for yourself, what is better for the economy of the region - to sell 100 tons of aluminum at 60 rubles per kilogram or to produce from a new 1 IL-78 for 3.5 billion rubles? Will you earn more?
So where is it more profitable to produce high-quality products, rather than to trade in raw materials? Some of them have tens of versatility, and some of them have a hundred times more. Plus, under the hour, the animation effect starts. Even for the daily life of one flight, approximately 90-100 businesses are employed. And this is a work place. And this means that there will be a need for qualified personnel, which inevitably leads to investment in science and education.
For a quick understanding of what vertical integration means for the economy, science and defense of the state, I will give you this example. Market economics has types of activities that are “highly unprofitable.” For example, the production of spacecraft. (And the space itself will not bring any special pennies, since you are not satellites sending communication and navigation there). As soon as you can understand everything, it can be divided into 3 parts: 1st, 2nd and 3rd engines, carrier rockets, orbital ships. Okremo, as practice has shown, can survive without moving.
NVO "Energomash" is actively pushing RD-180 and NK-33 to all sorts of Lockheeds, Martins and Boeings and for the sake of which they are very much alive. RSC Energia, having broken up the spacecraft Soyuz, Progress and Buran, is gradually dying out, fortunately the bourgeoisie did not get into delivery money. Not to spoil the history of TsSKB-Progress. Analogies can be drawn with our civilian and military aviation. That same song was played in 2008-2009 near Pikalevo at cement factories. Knowing this, I think you can tell how valuable the theory about the function of the market is, which is why “ineffective” companies are dying.
And if there is a vertical integration complex, then there is great confidence that everything would be good. The low profitability of some varieties was compensated for by the amount of synergy with others, because At the end, the lancet will be a clear product with a high degree of heat. The result: the country would have a full-fledged space program and new production; science has an incentive to develop; people have a robot. Do you think we don't fucking need a space program?
I would like to make a small remark. In the 30-50s, the law of vertical integration still prevails in life as a whole. Intermediate lances still had the ability to receive a minimal gain (3-4%), and all the added wealth was immediately given by marriage. At the same time, there was such a concept as vertical integration. Vidkrittya and scientifically grounded by having formed a team of students who studied with Professor S.S. Gubanov in the 90s, similar to the Radian economy of that time.
Well, back in the 60s, the leadership of the SRSR began to look forward to this development. The buds were broken up with the lancinaceae, allowing them to achieve the maximum yield on the skin. Then the 90s set a course for renewed decentralization with total privatization. So, in the main place we put not the efficiency of the economy of the region as a whole, but the efficiency of the surrounding enterprises.
Do you know the structure of Samsung, Cisco, Melkosoft, Toyota, Volkswagen, Apple, General Electric, Shell, Boeing, etc.? Do you know what the current economic leadership of the USA, Germany, Japan, and China is asking for? In 1970 Great vertically integrated corporations account for 48.8% of total capital and 51.9% of profit; at 2005 This percentage rose, obviously, to 83.2 and 86%. The same share is in exports, savings, NDR and NDTKR, innovations. It’s not surprising that they concentrate the greatest production, technological, last-minute and management resources. Unlimited credit lines, lobby in order.
In the guilty countries, the economy is increasingly driven by corporations, rather than small businesses, as they successfully push on us. All of their largest companies operate on the basis of the law of vertical integration, which was the basis of the Stalinist economy and was based on it.
Added vartіst
However, let’s go back to Stalin’s USSR. The law of vertical integration in the USSR (and this is even more important) was intensified... it was given force. Thus, the virtuosity has been given - the holy of holies to capitalism, for the sake of which the foundations have been strengthened. Since in the capitalist economy all profits were appropriated by the local capitalist or their group, and the estate was taking away the crap all over the face, then in the USSR it became more and more economical and went into decline. and products, capital investments, cost-free benefits (cost-free medicine, lighting, sports, culture, compensation ) air-zaliznichny-transport). That’s when she went to advance the goodness of the people. Even the method of socialist economics is to promote the goodwill of the community, and not to maximize profits.
How did it work? Let's go back to our furniture factory. The relevant ministry, together with Galuzev's committees and specific enterprises, formulated a plan, which had a low target indicators (close to 30), incl. We charge our products at the same price. The fermentation process began.
The whole process of price creation looked like this. Enterprise-1 (P-1) sold intermediate products (for example, MDF) to Enterprise-2 (P-2) at a price that was the sum of the sales + 3-4% profit of P-1 (p1). This income of P-1 was used to reward military personnel, pay for their leave, and improve their material resources. Also from whose profits the power collected taxes.
P-2, after the necessary manipulation of the goods (built a cabinet made of MDF), made it available for sale through the system of state trade at a price of p1 + co-operation + 3-4%. This price was called the wholesale price of enterprise (p2). Further, the state imposed a tax on this title. The turnover tax is the same and the amount given was given, as it was appropriated for the benefit of every marriage. There was a wholesale trade in industry (p3). The same amount of 0.5-1% was added to the price, from which the activities of the state trade system were financed. As a result, p3 + 0.5-1% was called the split price.
For example, they destroyed the refrigerator. Yogo sobivartіst + our profit from 3% - 10 rubles. The state imposed a turnover tax of 25 rubles + 50 kopecks went to secure the trade system. The capacity of the refrigerator at once is 35.5 rubles. And this 25 rubles turnover tax went not to just anyone, but to everyone.
In particular, the government's central banks received a minimum profit, which was based on the material desires of the central workers. The main part of the donated money through the turnover tax was accelerated and went to waste-free lighting, housing, medicine, sports, repairs, compensation for sickness and air transportation. And also for the modernization of fixed assets and production facilities, the creation of new enterprises and the implementation of infrastructure projects. I’ll guess what to lay out, the earth, the budinki, etc. they did not rely on the establishment of enterprises, but the power of the people. As you can see, there are a lot of special planes, a dozen special cars, castles and high-class aircraft. Usi - to people.
Advancement to the goodness of the community
Since the socialist economy has increased the welfare of the population, the priorities of these enterprises have been to provide people with everything they need. Spochatku – tse buli robota ta produkti kharchuvannya. Dali - odyag and life. Then – medicine, education, household equipment. The system was driven not by profits, but by the quantity of products.
For example, refrigerators appeared. A decision has been made: turn on refrigerators to the list of goods that the population wants. This meant that plans were being made for the development of refrigerator models and the establishment of factories from their production. At the stage of mastering the production - entirely natural - there were no refrigerators. There is a shortage. With the development of production, production reached the planned level and there was a shortage. Then a new product appeared - televisions and the cycle repeated.
Prote goodwill of the people was promoted not less for the increase in gross revenues. An important role was played by the reduction in product quality. For example, the cost of a business is 10,000 rubles and the wholesale price of the business is 10,500 rubles. How to increase the profits of a business at planned prices? Є 2 steps: a) reduce sobivartіst; b) increase the quantity of fermented products.
So, if in the first river the income from one share was 500 rubles, then, let’s say, in another river the team was able to reduce the share to 9,000 rubles and work on the plan for another amount of money. As a result, the income of the business increased by at least 1,500 rubles. Prote, so that the enterprise team does not get overexcited, the state quickly reviewed the prices in case of their decline. Through the war, products gradually became cheaper, and so the expenses of the people and their income changed. In fact, competition was focused on reducing the quality of products and on the advancement of methods for increasing the efficiency of production.
The main goal of the Stalinist economy was to reduce the well-being of the population, as a result of: a) a steady and planned decrease in the level of production; b) expansion of non-kostovnyh benefits; c) changes to the working day of the community. And this was achieved through the path of promoting the hidden effectiveness of the people's dominion, and not just its other enterprises.
The Radian economy reached the pre-war level of production until 1948-1949. However, it is obvious that it is impossible to engage in continuous production of production methods (category A). Those who really believed in the idea of socialism deserved it. In order to achieve maximum satisfaction with the material and cultural needs of this society, which are steadily growing, the production of goods of category B (living goods) was required. This problem needed to be addressed. Moreover, we are excited about the beginning of a new round of scientific and technological progress. All this required a thorough work of the socialist economy and a change in the priorities of its development.
How did the Russian economy change after the death of Stalin? What kind of solutions did the Radian potters praise? And what was the stench of the future SRSR?
I call the visnovki:
Since the 60s, the economy of the USSR has directly changed from a planned system to an unplanned one, which led from the beginning to a capitalist state system, and then to further disorganization.
Socialist economy (1928-1953) is based on the effectiveness of the people's rule of the entire region. "Revisionist" economy - the efficiency of local enterprises.
The key reason for the collapse of the USSR is the growth of an uncontrollable bureaucracy and its efforts to save and expand its privileges.
Khrushchev: MTS, Tsilina, Radgospi
The starting point of fundamental changes in the socialist structure of the Radyansky Union became the XXth anniversary of the party on the 25th of 1956. Now Khrushchev has washed Stalin and the basic ideas of socialism. This meeting is a valid point for criticizing the Radian system. This journey is the beginning of the restoration of capitalism in the USSR. This is the beginning of the SRSR in the middle. This journey has been a long time coming to fight the ideas of socialism and communism and simply to criticize our country.
Because The topic of the post is about the economy and military issues, but it is not visible in specific contexts, as the 20th Congress is based on ideology, internal party struggle, foreign policy, the agenda before the elections, and then Let's go as far as Khrushchev's initiatives.
The main activity of Khrushchev was focused on the agricultural dominion. Reason: I respected myself as a great fahivets with my food. What is the decision to praise our agronomist? Let us first say something about the MTS reform (1957-1959). MTS is a machine-tractor station that cleared the land and harvested crops from collective farms.
For Stalin, the collective and radgospi did not lose their important equipment: tractors, combines, harvesters, cars, etc. І Stalin insisted that they could not be transferred to collective hospitals every time. Axis wrote in 1952: “...promonizing sales of MTS in the power of collective gospam, t.t. Sannah Tu Venger to shit Krok back from BIK Vidstalosti, to turn back the wheel of iz ... Ts the Uvinnati from the Great Zbetka that rosority of the tights, Pidirvati mechanized the Silskiy Mistardity, the Tempe of the Tempe of the Tighty Vobrnitvvy. " There was similar evidence in the beginning of 1930, when the proposal of a group of shock workers was transferred to them from the authorities. However, the first re-verification showed the inadequacy of this decision, and in 1930 the decision was canceled.
Why can’t MTS transfer its power to collective state agencies? Here you can make a bunch of arguments. First of all, the use of technology is more effective. It is acceptable that the average collective farm needs only one combine to overcome the harvest. It’s not a good idea for any collective farm to share a single combine harvester; nothing good will come of it if it breaks down. The harvest is gone. And who will have the chance to testify for the election? So I need to buy this collective for insurance purposes for 2 combines. If the Stalinist MTS served 100 collective harvesters, then after the transfer of equipment it will have a total of 200 combines. Stalin's MTS, with a reserve of 10-15%, could produce more than 110-115 combines and cope with the harvest in just 100 collective farms.
What does this mean? Formally, we are planning an unprecedented increase in the production of tractors. You can find everything in the figures of official statistics. Far-reaching discoveries will be made about the growth and effectiveness of everyone and everything. But the fact is that the cost of wasting money that could have been spent, for example, on everyday life at school and at the doctor’s office, is ineffective. Plus, it is necessary to understand that Khrushchev has bought the MTS collective state government, and not only serious one-time expenses, but also a budget item (and the equipment needs to be improved and modernized). How can the collective gospam cover such surcharges? Increased prices for end products.
Previously, the country could use MTS prices to reduce costs for land development. The increase in the amount of equipment at MTS and the unjustified increase in the value of this equipment was shown in MTS’s expenses and their profits. They could have increased the stench by increasing their efficiency and the efficiency of their technology. Then they acted as an economical controller of agricultural machinery factories: they did not allow them to revise ineffective equipment, and all technologies were to revise more than required. And with the liquidation of the MTS, the production of agricultural machinery in the USSR began to increase rapidly, and the availability of food products increased.
Another and significantly important point is that with the transfer of power to MTS, the collective state enterprise actually becomes an independent producer. This has destroyed one of the basic principles of the socialist economy. In such a scenario, the collective state institutions will become the rulers of the production process. Tobto. The stench would have been eliminated from Vinyatkov’s camp, of which there are quite a few businesses in the region today. It would be even more likely that collective power would be replaced by the government of the people, and would not lead to a closer approach to socialism, but rather to a further distance from it. Kolgosp became an independent virobnik. What is the motivation of an independent grower? Less profit. It is logical to assume that such a collective society will increasingly dictate the prices of products and services with their minds.
From Sanina and Venzher, Stalin indicated that it was necessary to gradually remove excess collective production from the commodity circulation system and include them in the product exchange system between the state industry and collective farms. As a result, everyone was working in vain.
Khrushchev's offensive initiative, launched in 1958, was the reduction of special subsidiary states. Formally, the entire rural population was united in a collective state. But in reality, less than 20% of the villagers’ income comes from work in the collective state, and the income is supposed to come from the “gray” sector - through the trade in unsecured products, produced by collective workers in special subsidiary states, and the sale of state-owned goods velnikam. As a result, Khrushchev, calling Malenkov out on the democratic bourgeois tendencies of the rural state, achieved his abolition and another reform.
What is the logic behind this reform? In “Anti-Dühring” Engels wrote that in the course of the proletarian revolution all methods of production would be suppressed. It is necessary to earn money in order to establish a commodity production. In principle, this decision is correct, but there is one nuance. Engels, speaking about the liquidation of commodity production, may respect such extremes, decapitalism and the concentration of production to blame not only for industry, but also for the agricultural state. At the time of writing “Anti-Dühring,” Great Britain was no longer such a country.
There was nothing like this in France, nor in Holland, nor in Germany. Thus, capitalism developed in the villages, although it was not represented by the class of middle and middle-class workers in the villages. There is no mention of our country. The course towards “farmer dominions” was adopted only by Stolipin a few years before the First World War. You yourself know what happened next.
In the spring of 1952, in “Economic problems of socialism in the USSR,” Stalin wrote: “One cannot also take into account the idea of other would-be Marxists as to think that it would probably be possible to take power and expropriate Iatsion of small and medium-sized vineyards in the village identify their characteristics of production. Marxists also cannot follow this foolish and evil path, because such a path would undermine any possibility of victory for the proletarian revolution, throwing the countryside once again into the camp of enemies of the proletariat.” Lenin wrote about his cooperative plan.
This is also the data presented in the analytical note of the agricultural economist N.Ya.Itskov from the year 1962. It indicates that the characteristics of the gardening state of the collective farms, until 1959, accounted for 50 to 80% of the gross production of milk, meat, potatoes and vegetables, and eggs of the collective sector. He confirmed that the state is not ready to take on the population, which is to become half the inhabitants of the region. Why did Khrushchev ignore everything? What did you do before the reform was carried out?
The grain problem was not solved. The development of the site was the basis for the decisions of the 1953 Veresnevy Plenum. Because New decisions were praised about the intensification of the agricultural dominion, and the order of the ruler was an extensive method of maintaining the agricultural dominion. Please note that the average grain harvest for 1954-1958 did increase and amounted to 113.2 million tons versus 80.9 million in 1949-1953. They smelled the stench that grew in the 60s. But the “mastered goal” was superimposed on other decisions (enlargement of collective state enterprises, reduction of subsidiary states, passportization, transfer of MTS, voluntary decisions about those who would sit down), which did not allow a new peace You choose grain food. The situation was intensified by increasing urbanization: during the period from 60 to 64 rivers, at least 7 million people moved to the area. In this situation, the decline not only did not change the grain balance of the region, but led (to a number of other factors) to a decrease in the variability and the need to purchase grain outside the border.
Revisionist coup: Kosigin-Lieberman reform.
Voluntarist decisions in the agrarian sphere led to the fact that, over the course of two or three years, the agricultural dominion became a commodity. Its co-operation grew sharply, which prompted 1962 to raise the prices of all its products. And in 1963, the crisis of commodity agricultural production led to the fact that, after 1934, the SRSR began to worry about purchasing grain outside the border. The protest against the rural dominion on the right was not limited. The offensive “method” of the reformers was industry and the system of managing the people's dominion.
The economic reform of 1957-1959 started the beginning of the destabilization of government processes in the industry. The essence of this can be summarized by replacing the centralized water supply system with a territorially distributed system. A number of foreign-union and Union-Republican Galuzian industrial ministries were closed, and their enterprises were transferred to the direct subordination of the Radnargospіv. The planning function was also destabilized: long-term planning was transferred to Derzhekonrad, and more precisely, to Derzhplan.
For a quick understanding of what this meant, I’ll explain first. For example, you need to automate all work areas in the industry. Make your production capitalist and efficient. At the scale of Ekononiki of the Country of Country, the Knocky Estrate is given: the strength is ranging, it is possible for the Speak of Trusty Day for the Zbereznoye of the Cloquions, more than people are pragybuti yakіsnu obvid, the cerebrospinal fluid of science of the Techi Toshcho. Obviously, this is not a robot for one day. To implement this, you will need a development strategy for 8-10 years, as well as the ability to act in a mandated manner for the benefit of the entire people's dominion.
Similar to the importance of obtaining both capital and a large number of enterprises. In this case, the implementation of such initiatives is not always a concern. The reasons may be very different: lack of capital, lack of personnel, lack of time, lack of commitment, etc. As a result, you are faced with a dilemma: either the development of the economy of the entire region depends on the plans of the neighboring government units (enterprises), or the development of the government units is consistent with the interests of the entire economy.
In a capitalist system (that is, in a modern economy), everything is stored in specific enterprises. That made me understand, because... In this system, the main priority is maximizing profits, and the main indicator is increasing the capitalization of enterprises. The good of other companies is an axiom and a sacred law. In the Radyan system until 1957, the priority was to increase the goodwill of the people, as it was impossible without the development of the entire people's dominion.
In 1957, having introduced the system of the Radnargosps, Khrushchov actually put the development of the economy of the region at the forefront of the plans of other subjects of government. Now the plans did not go down to the all-Union central ministries, but instead reached them. In fact, the development of the plan began to begin at enterprises, continued with the people's state and with the State Plan of a particular republic, and then went on to the State Plan of the SRSR. And the regional ones reached the inter-galore barriers.
How could the SRSR develop and implement the GOELRO plan into life in the 20s, what about the plans for electrification of the skin industry? Would industrialization have been carried out if the country's government had considered plans for other subjects of government? How would the Soviet Union initiate the mechanization of the rural state, should the USSR initiate privateers? I think the answer is obvious.
The development of the economy of our region, the growth of wealth and scientific progress are only possible with the centralized (state, Galuzev and inter-Galuzev corporations) accumulated and redeployed resources. Neither the enterprise nor the Radnargosp can provide anything like this. Reform 1957-1959 The planning in Galuzia was carried out by the promotion of popular interests in the region by the promotion of the interests of enterprises and the interests of regional elites.
Reform born 1957-1959 First of all, attention was given to those interests that arise in the economic policy of the state - systems of both elements, the whole and the private, the people's dominion and the surrounding enterprise. Residual evidence for the benefit of private interest was given in 1965 by Kosigin’s birth.
Kosigin marvelously understands that the country is successfully developing even on paper. In fact, the plans were being finalized, and the quality of the products increased, and the quality decreased. Virologists were chasing the reduction of their personal displays. Kintsevyy sozhivach and obligations of the sold products were of little value.
As a result of the decision, the enterprises were transferred to the state sector. The main criteria for the effectiveness of enterprises were indicators of profit and profitability of production. The planned figures were changed from 30 to 9. Enterprises were allowed to determine the number of their employees, wholesale prices, average wages, obtain funds and loans for the development of production, and create funds for material needs. The result was a typical capitalist enterprise, as well as in a socialist system.
Once again, Stalin suddenly realizes: “To take profitability not from the perspective of individual enterprises and production galoozes and not in relation to one fate, but from the perspective of the entire people’s dominion and in the context of, say, 10–15 fates, so with the only correct approach to nutrition, then the time-consuming and German profitability of various enterprises and production plants cannot be evenly matched with this higher form of economic and steady profitability, which gives us the law of the planned development of the people's rule and plan respect for the people's rule, saving us from periodic economic crises that destroy the people's rule “They will ensure the success of colossal material surpluses, and will ensure us the uninterrupted growth of the people’s rule at a very high rate.”
As a result of the new reform, there will be a short-term interest in several businesses. And the stench was motivated by more and more efforts in all possible ways to generate income and a larger fund of material desires. This inevitably caused inflation, because Profits may be compensated for by the increase in wages. Wages grew, and commodity security rose significantly. Already in the mid-60s, a “penny overhang” began to take shape, which would result in galloping inflation and denomination in the 90s.
The transfer of enterprises to the state sector means the subordination of the entire national government to the interests of several government units. We went back to 1921-1928 rocks, if in the region there was NEP, if in industry and the rural state there were state-produced trusts and syndicates. Thus, the “innovative” reform of 1965-1967 was reversed to the practice of the state rule 30 years ago.
That system of price reductions has been a disaster. Last time we pointed the butt with a hat for 10,000 rubles. In the Stalinist economy, in order to increase the profits of businesses, it was necessary to increase production or reduce the quality of a unit of production. The “Kosigin reform” turned everything on its head - now it became impossible to reduce the Shafi’s social security. Even the income was created as a part of the society. Therefore, the greater the collaboration, the greater the profit. 10% for 10,000 rubles - 1,000 rubles in profit. And 10% equals 15,000 rubles - 1,500 rubles in profit. This means that the need is not to reduce, but to increase the quality of products. If there is a decrease in productivity, it will be a blow to the guts of business. The practice of speculative price fixing and falsification of products has gone down, and then it has taken over the entire economy of the USSR.
State-provided prices were spiraling out of control and government control, they disrupted the balance and balance of the country’s economy, made it difficult to plan, contributed to the development of the country’s priorities and prospects, and led to increasing commodity shortages and difficulties in the healthy market. The economy of the entire region became aligned with the interests of short-term profits, which inevitably caused disorganization.
Even more important, it was a blow to democracy in the field. Now it doesn’t matter at all how much competence you have. It doesn’t matter how productive you are. It doesn’t matter what innovations you can and are ready to bring to production. “But no one gives a shit.” Having introduced a price reduction mechanism, a new motivation emerged to sell more and more. I got the motivation to create. Most people began to talk about stable and quiet work with planned increases in positions and salaries.
The clan-like isolation of the “dirty directors” and “bureaucracies” attached to the preserved status quo began to appear. They were the social base that stood for the further decentralization of the economy, the alignment of the state plan with the agreements of state-owned enterprises, the taxation of turnover and the planned procedure for the transfer of enterprise income to the state budget. After 20-25 years, these people and their children initiate “acceleration” and “overcoming”. And the 90 will become today's oligarchs, effective managers and executives.
The advance of 15 years before the “acceleration” was marked by a naftov rally. After the Yom Kippur War, carbohydrate prices skyrocketed. This resulted in even greater stagnation of the Radian economy. The increase in nafta revenues has caused real problems for up to 15 years. However, the prices of the 80s fell, and at the same time the Radyansky Union broke with them for a few rocks.
The secret of Stalin's economy
Beginning in the 60s, the restoration of capitalism was in full swing in the USSR. Reformers were able to replace the development formula with a formula to get to market fundamentals, seeing this as innovation and the road to a wonderful tomorrow. Since the 1960s, a period of inefficiency and stagnation of the Russian economy began. But the reason for the stagnation was not the “socialist method of production”, which is so actively destroying the remaining 25 rocks. The reason was the disorganization of the people's rule for the market element. The very decentralization that began, the transition to the state sector and the maximization of state sector profits led us to the 90s. And the end point of this epic was the privatization of enterprises of the people's state and the further legalization of private power over production facilities, land, enterprises and infrastructure.
Do you know that in the 30-40s, the Radian marriage gave birth to a secular socio-economic innovation, on the basis of which already 50 years accounted for perhaps 85% of the current economy? Do you know that this very Radyan innovation ensured that Zakhad would overcome the USSR during the Cold War and scientific and economic leadership in the current world? And, before speaking, do you know that the church of the USSR was inspired by this innovation in the 60s?
At the hour of discussion of the Russian economy, most people are merging images of blackouts, shortages of goods, insanity, and the kerma of the region that is “eating up” all the budgetary pennies of the military-industrial complex. And if those who believe that this whole saga ended for the USSR, many a priori consider the planned economy to be ineffective, and the socialist method of production to be flawed. Although we have great respect for Zahid and, without understanding how the current economy is really governed there, we insist that we need a market, private power and other benefits of the “civilized” world. However, there are some very important nuances here that I want to tell you about.
Unfortunately, I couldn’t put everything in one place, so let’s take a quick look at those basic (and few people know) economic postulates on which this innovation of the “Stalinist economy” (1928-1958) was based.
Following the tradition, I give the deed on the cob itself:
It is impossible to look at the Radian economy as a whole. It is chronologically and logically divided into several stages: a) military communism; b) NEP; c) Stalin's economy; d) Kosigin-Liberman reforms; d) skorennya and perebudova.
At the heart of Stalin’s economy (in addition to the strengthening of power and the systemic approach in appearance) lay the law of vertical integration, the strengthening of the given kindness and the promotion of goodwill among the citizens.
The main goal of the socialist method of production is the promotion of the goodwill of the community. Capitalist – maximizing profits per hour.
Socialism has been given the chance to increase. For capitalism - it is appropriated by single people and groups of people.
Start talking about what The Radian period in the history of the economy of our region is divided into several stages. And there were such different stages that we need to talk not about the Russian economy, but about the economic models of the adjacent periods. It is important to understand this fact. We also have a lot of respect for the fact that everything that happened after NEPU was the continuation of Stalin’s industrialization and collectivization. And this is completely wrong, because The Stalinist economy is only a part of the Radian economy. Just as part of the Radyan economy was saddened and perebudova for Gorbachov. And putting a sign of equality between the economy of Stalin and the economy of Gorbachev is, at a minimum, unusual.
Initially (and not without a good life), the Bolsheviks had to resort to direct distribution of products without paying pennies, which marked the transition to the policy of military communism. This period spanned from the present day 1918 to the beginning of 1921. The remains of military communism did not meet the requirements of the ruler's everyday life in peaceful minds, and the Gromadyansk War went to its logical conclusion, and from 14 March 1921 a new phase began, which took away the name NEP. I won’t go into detail about it as an advanced stage, except to point out that it actually ended before 1928.
The report focuses on the current phase – the Stalinist economy, which spans the period from 1928 to 1958. I want to take a closer look at this period for many reasons.
First of all, the vast majority of people have the most abundant wines. I would like to endlessly love the world-famous effective manager, without particularly going into the specifics of what I have earned. Well, he complains about the “millions of people shot especially by Stalin,” points out the free work of “50 million people incarcerated in the Gulag” and affirms that this very bastard (Gazzaev) is to blame for all the current problems Russia, because NEP furious.
In a different way, and at the same time, marvel at the table.
As before 1928, after WWII, the Gromadian War, the intervention of the Entente and the Nepu, the Russian economy stood out from the economies of the region more, lower in 1913. It was extremely clear when describing Yosya in 1931: “from the advanced countries - by 50–100 years. It’s our fault to run through this place at ten rocks. Otherwise we will be crushed, otherwise we will be crushed.”
As a result of industrialization in 1927–1940. V. Nearly 9,000 new factories were created in the country, the production of industrial products in 8 times, and according to this indicator, the USSR was the leader in another place in the world after the United States. Born in 1941 The Great German War began, which we ended in Berlin and... reached the pre-war level of production until 1948, simultaneously lending to the future economy of our future partners with the Allied Forces (all of the United Europe). I’ll guess that in the next 10 years around the atomic bomb, we visited the world first with the AES, launched the GES, blew up the water bomb, launched the first satellite, launched over 600 enterprises in the countries of the REV, set up the channel and that's it.
I repeat, after WWII we reached the pre-war level of industrial production in less than 3 years. And this is after perhaps three fates of the most powerful occupation. And without external help. I don’t know who and how, but especially for me, food has always been a problem, How did we get this? As it was laid out in the 30s and 40s, the economy was unsustainable and ineffective, How did we reach such demonstrators?
The forerunner of vertical integration
The basis of the socialist economy, as we know, is the principle of enhancing the ability of generation. Plus, the libraries are based on cooperation and mutual assistance (let’s face it, so to speak). We don’t talk about this by name, because... there is a lot of philosophy here. And the point is that the socialist economy is dead. will be consistent with the law of vertical integration, for which profits are drawn from the final product.
You ask, what kind of law is this? I'll point the butt. Mi maєmo furniture vyrobnitstvo. In order to assemble a wardrobe, it is necessary to assemble the material (MDF, glass), fittings, folding, delivery. In the current Russian economy, all these speeches call for dealing with various companies that are not bound by everyday duties. Firm X will supply with its own mark-up of 10-15% (+ surcharges), Firm X2 - MDF with a mark-up of 10-15% (+ surcharges), Firm X3 - fittings with a mark-up (+ surcharges), etc. As a result, the partnership of goods that Firm P collects and sells is growing significantly. Aja Firma has to purchase all the materials that already contain a number of ends.
However, that's not all. Our wardrobe needs to be sold, and for this purpose it is displayed on the podium in the store, which belongs to another Company G. In accordance with Russian specifics, the store puts another 80-100% on the wardrobe. As a result, we have a price of 50,000 rubles with a real cost of 20,000 - 25,000 rubles. This is an emergency situation for a capitalist economy, because her skin lanka virobnitsva pragne otremat the maximum gain in one hour.
What are we doing? First of all, we have a lewd parasite sitting at the end of the bow, through which the price of the dishonest will be fought. Vіn does not report any zhusil. Don't hesitate to do anything. There are simply excess profits due to the increased price of products. In another way, our products become uncompetitive compared to, for example, Belarusian products, where the rental rates and wages are lower, and the materials are cheaper. Thirdly, the price of shafi is crowded with ordinary citizens and reduces their goodwill. It is clear that this problem is not limited to the Shafi, but to everyone in our economy.
How could this production be organized in a vertically integrated complex? We would have lost all the companies X, X2, X3, etc. However, they would have been merged within a single holding company, to which all the intervening companies transferred their products to Firm P for joint participation. And Firm P would already sell its products with the necessary attention to detail. No one would have to deduct profits from intermediate products and silicates. All profits are from the final product. Can you see how much more efficient the business and the economy as a whole would be?
You ask, and why should all the companies live from this little guy? You can't beat the stench of profits. It's simple. Due to the possibility of minimal rental rates, in order to re-insure on the cost of food and cheap raw materials, it is possible that the final product will be redistributed throughout the entire holding.
You will say that you can’t trivialize the profit. Not so. I’ll explain it in the simplest way possible. 1000 nasinin salad costs 5 rubles. 75-80% of this plant will germinate in healthy plants, for which you can get 60 to 150 rubles for the split. Today 1 will bring in revenues 12,000 times more, lower than your totality. Do you feel the difference? Think for yourself, what is better for the economy of the region - to sell 100 tons of aluminum at 60 rubles per kilogram or to produce from a new 1 IL-78 for 3.5 billion rubles? Will you earn more?
So what, where is the best place to produce high-quality products and where to trade in raw materials?. Some of them have tens of versatility, and some of them have a hundred times more. Plus, under the hour, the animation effect starts. Even for the daily life of one flight, approximately 90-100 businesses are employed. And this is a work place. And this means that there will be a need for qualified personnel, which inevitably leads to investment in science and education.
For a quick understanding of what vertical integration means for the economy, science and defense of the state, I will give you this example. Market economics has types of activities that are “highly unprofitable.” For example, the production of spacecraft. (And the space itself will not bring any special pennies, since you are not satellites sending communication and navigation there). As soon as you can understand everything, it can be divided into 3 parts: 1st, 2nd and 3rd engines, carrier rockets, orbital ships. Okremo, as practice has shown, can survive without moving.
NVO "Energomash" is actively pushing RD-180 and NK-33 to all sorts of Lockheeds, Martins and Boeings and for the sake of which they are very much alive. RSC Energia, having broken up the spacecraft Soyuz, Progress and Buran, is gradually dying out, fortunately the bourgeoisie did not get into delivery money. Not to spoil the history of TsSKB-Progress. Analogies can be drawn with our civilian and military aviation. That same song was played in 2008-2009 near Pikalevo at cement factories. Knowing this, I think you can tell how valuable the theory about the function of the market is, which is why “ineffective” companies are dying.
And if there is a vertical integration complex, then there is great confidence that everything would be good. The low profitability of some varieties was compensated for by the amount of synergy with others, because At the end, the lancet will be a clear product with a high degree of heat. The result: the country would have a full-fledged space program and new production; science has an incentive to develop; people have a robot. Do you think we don't fucking need a space program?
I would like to make a small remark. In the 30-50s, the law of vertical integration still prevails in life as a whole. Intermediate lances still had the ability to receive a minimal gain (3-4%), and all the added wealth was immediately given by marriage. At the same time, there was such a concept as vertical integration. Vidkrittya and scientifically grounded by having formed a team of students who studied with Professor S.S. Gubanov in the 90s, similar to the Radian economy of that time.
Well, back in the 60s, the leadership of the SRSR began to look forward to this development. The buds were broken up with the lancinaceae, allowing them to achieve the maximum yield on the skin. Then the 90s set a course for renewed decentralization with total privatization. So, in the main place we put not the efficiency of the economy of the region as a whole, but the efficiency of the surrounding enterprises.
Do you know the structure of Samsung, Cisco, Melkosoft, Toyota, Volkswagen, Apple, General Electric, Shell, Boeing, etc.? Do you know what the current economic leadership of the USA, Germany, Japan, and China is asking for? In 1970 Great vertically integrated corporations account for 48.8% of total capital and 51.9% of profit; at 2005 This percentage rose, obviously, to 83.2 and 86%. The same share is in exports, savings, NDR and NDTKR, innovations. It’s not surprising that they concentrate the greatest production, technological, last-minute and management resources. Unlimited credit lines, lobby in order.
In the guilty countries, the economy is increasingly driven by corporations, rather than small businesses, as they successfully push on us. All of their largest companies operate on the basis of the law of vertical integration, which was the basis of the Stalinist economy and was based on it.
Added vartіst
However, let’s go back to Stalin’s USSR. Around the law of vertical integration in the USSR (and this is very important) was strengthened... added vartіst. Thus, the virtuosity has been given - the holy of holies to capitalism, for the sake of which the foundations have been strengthened. Since in the capitalist economy all profits were appropriated by the local capitalist or their group, and the estate was taking away the crap all over the face, then in the USSR it became more and more economical and went into decline. and products, capital investments, cost-free benefits (cost-free medicine, lighting, sports, culture, compensation ) air-zaliznichny-transport). That’s when she went to advance the goodness of the people. Even the method of socialist economics is to promote the goodwill of the community, and not to maximize profits.
How did it work? Let's go back to our furniture factory. The relevant ministry, together with Galuzev's committees and specific enterprises, formulated a plan, which had a low target indicators (close to 30), incl. We charge our products at the same price. The fermentation process began.
The whole process of price creation looked like this. Enterprise-1 (P-1) sold intermediate products (for example, MDF) to Enterprise-2 (P-2) at a price that was the sum of the sales + 3-4% profit of P-1 (p1). This income of P-1 was used to reward military personnel, pay for their leave, and improve their material resources. Also from whose profits the power collected taxes.
P-2, after the necessary manipulation of the goods (built a cabinet made of MDF), made it available for sale through the system of state trade at a price of p1 + co-operation + 3-4%. This price was called the wholesale price of enterprise (p2). Further, the state imposed a tax on this title. The turnover tax is the same and the amount given was given, as it was appropriated for the benefit of every marriage. There was a wholesale trade in industry (p3). The same amount of 0.5-1% was added to the price, from which the activities of the state trade system were financed. As a result, p3 + 0.5-1% was called the split price.
For example, they destroyed the refrigerator. Yogo sobivartіst + our profit from 3% - 10 rubles. The state imposed a turnover tax of 25 rubles + 50 kopecks went to secure the trade system. The capacity of the refrigerator at once is 35.5 rubles. And this 25 rubles turnover tax went not to just anyone, but to everyone.
In particular, the government's central banks received a minimum profit, which was based on the material desires of the central workers. The main part of the donated money through the turnover tax was accelerated and went to waste-free lighting, housing, medicine, sports, repairs, compensation for sickness and air transportation. And also for the modernization of fixed assets and production facilities, the creation of new enterprises and the implementation of infrastructure projects. I’ll guess what to lay out, the earth, the budinki, etc. they did not rely on the establishment of enterprises, but the power of the people. As you can see, there are a lot of special planes, a dozen special cars, castles and high-class aircraft. Usi - to people.
Advancement to the goodness of the community
Since the socialist economy has increased the welfare of the population, the priorities of these enterprises have been to provide people with everything they need. Spochatku – tse buli robota ta produkti kharchuvannya. Dali - odyag and life. Then – medicine, education, household equipment. The system was driven not by profits, but by the quantity of products.
For example, refrigerators appeared. A decision has been made: turn on refrigerators to the list of goods that the population wants. This meant that plans were being made for the development of refrigerator models and the establishment of factories from their production. At the stage of mastering the production - entirely natural - there were no refrigerators. There is a shortage. With the development of production, production reached the planned level and there was a shortage. Then a new product appeared - televisions and the cycle repeated.
Prote goodwill of the people was promoted not less for the increase in gross revenues. An important role was played by the reduction in product quality. For example, the cost of a business is 10,000 rubles and the wholesale price of the business is 10,500 rubles. How to increase the profits of a business at planned prices? Є 2 steps: a) reduce sobivartіst; b) increase the quantity of fermented products.
So, if in the first river the income from one share was 500 rubles, then, let’s say, in another river the team was able to reduce the share to 9,000 rubles and work on the plan for another amount of money. As a result, the income of the business increased by at least 1,500 rubles. Prote, so that the enterprise team does not get overexcited, the state quickly reviewed the prices in case of their decline. Through the war, products gradually became cheaper, and so the expenses of the people and their income changed. In fact, there was competition for reducing the productivity of products and for promoting methods for increasing the efficiency of production.
The main goal of the Stalinist economy was to reduce the well-being of the population, as a result of: a) a steady and planned decrease in the level of production; b) expansion of non-kostovnyh benefits; c) changes to the working day of the community. And this was achieved through the path of promoting the hidden effectiveness of the people's dominion, and not just its other enterprises.
The Radian economy reached the pre-war level of production until 1948-1949. However, it is obvious that it is impossible to engage in continuous production of production methods (category A). Those who really believed in the idea of socialism deserved it. In order to achieve maximum satisfaction with the material and cultural needs of this society, which are steadily growing, the production of goods of category B (living goods) was required. This problem needed to be addressed. Moreover, we are excited about the beginning of a new round of scientific and technological progress. All this required a thorough work of the socialist economy and a change in the priorities of its development.
How did the Russian economy change after the death of Stalin? What kind of solutions did the Radian potters praise? And what was the stench of the future SRSR?
I call the visnovki:
Since the 60s, the economy of the USSR has directly changed from a planned system to an unplanned one, which led from the beginning to a capitalist state system, and then to further disorganization.
Socialist economy (1928-1953) is based on the effectiveness of the people's rule of the entire region. "Revisionist" economy - the efficiency of local enterprises.
The key reason for the collapse of the USSR is the growth of an uncontrollable bureaucracy and its efforts to save and expand its privileges.
Khrushchev: MTS, Tsilina, Radgospi
The starting point of fundamental changes in the socialist structure of the Radyansky Union became the XXth anniversary of the party on the 25th of 1956. Now Khrushchev has washed Stalin and the basic ideas of socialism. This meeting is a valid point for criticizing the Radian system. This journey is the beginning of the restoration of capitalism in the USSR. This is the beginning of the SRSR in the middle. This journey has been a long time coming to fight the ideas of socialism and communism and simply to criticize our country.
Because The topic of the post is about the economy and military issues, but it is not visible in specific contexts, as the 20th Congress is based on ideology, internal party struggle, foreign policy, the agenda before the elections, and then Let's go as far as Khrushchev's initiatives.
The main activity of Khrushchev was focused on the agricultural dominion. Reason: I respected myself as a great fahivets with my food. What is the decision to praise our agronomist? In front of us, Varto say something about MTS reform(1957-1959 rocks). MTS is a machine-tractor station that cleared the land and harvested crops from collective farms.
For Stalin, the collective and radgospi did not lose their important equipment: tractors, combines, harvesters, cars, etc. І Stalin insisted that they could not be transferred to collective hospitals every time. What did he write in 1952: “...promonizing sales of MTS at the authority of kolgospam, t.t. Sanina Tu Venger Towers Krok back from BIK Vidstalosti, Toget Turn back the wheel of iz ... Tsthenati from Great Zbetka that rosority of the tights, Pidirvati mechanized the Silskiy Marydarity, the Tempe of the Tempe of the Tighty Vobroitsy ”. There was similar evidence in the beginning of 1930, when the proposal of a group of shock workers was transferred to them from the authorities. However, the first re-verification showed the inadequacy of this decision, and in 1930 the decision was canceled.
Why can’t MTS transfer its power to collective state agencies? Here you can make a bunch of arguments. According to the first, efficient use of technology . It is acceptable that the average collective farm needs only one combine to overcome the harvest. It’s not a good idea for any collective farm to share a single combine harvester; nothing good will come of it if it breaks down. The harvest is gone. And who will have the chance to testify for the election? So I need to buy this collective for insurance purposes for 2 combines. If the Stalinist MTS served 100 collective harvesters, then after the transfer of equipment it will have a total of 200 combines. Stalin's MTS, with a reserve of 10-15%, could produce more than 110-115 combines and cope with the harvest in just 100 collective farms.
What does this mean? Formally, we are planning an unprecedented increase in the production of tractors. You can find everything in the figures of official statistics. Far-reaching discoveries will be made about the growth and effectiveness of everyone and everything. But the fact is that the cost of wasting money that could have been spent, for example, on everyday life at school and at the doctor’s office, is ineffective. Plus, it is necessary to understand that Khrushchev has bought the MTS collective state government, and not only serious one-time expenses, but also a budget item (and the equipment needs to be improved and modernized). How can the collective gospam cover such surcharges? Increased prices for end products.
Previously, the country could use MTS prices to reduce costs for land development. The increase in the amount of equipment at MTS and the unjustified increase in the value of this equipment was shown in MTS’s expenses and their profits. They could have increased the stench by increasing their efficiency and the efficiency of their technology. Then they acted as an economical controller of agricultural machinery factories: they did not allow them to revise ineffective equipment, and all technologies were to revise more than required. And with the liquidation of the MTS, the production of agricultural machinery in the USSR began to increase rapidly, and the availability of food products increased.
Another and much more important moment - With the transfer of power to MTS, Kolkhosp is actually becoming an independent producer . This has destroyed one of the basic principles of the socialist economy. In such a scenario, the collective state institutions will become the rulers of the production process. Tobto. The stench would have been eliminated from Vinyatkov’s camp, of which there are quite a few businesses in the region today. It would be even more likely that collective power would be replaced by the government of the people, and would not lead to a closer approach to socialism, but rather to a further distance from it. Kolgosp became an independent virobnik. What is the motivation of an independent grower? Less profit. It is logical to assume that such a collective society will increasingly dictate the prices of products and services with their minds.
From Sanina and Venzher, Stalin indicated that it was necessary to gradually remove excess collective production from the commodity circulation system and include them in the product exchange system between the state industry and collective farms. As a result, everyone was working in vain.
Khrushchev’s offensive initiative, hung at the chest of 1958, became the reduction of special subsidiary dominions . Formally, the entire rural population was united in a collective state. But in reality, less than 20% of the villagers’ income comes from work in the collective state, and the income is supposed to come from the “gray” sector - through the trade in unsecured products, produced by collective workers in special subsidiary states, and the sale of state-owned goods velnikam. As a result, Khrushchev, calling Malenkov out on the democratic bourgeois tendencies of the rural state, achieved his abolition and another reform.
What is the logic behind this reform? In “Anti-Dühring” Engels wrote that in the course of the proletarian revolution all methods of production would be suppressed. It is necessary to earn money in order to establish a commodity production. In principle, this decision is correct, but there is one nuance. Engels, speaking about the liquidation of commodity production, may respect such extremes, decapitalism and the concentration of production to blame not only for industry, but also for the agricultural state. At the time of writing “Anti-Dühring,” Great Britain was no longer such a country.
There was nothing like this in France, nor in Holland, nor in Germany. Thus, capitalism developed in the villages, although it was not represented by the class of middle and middle-class workers in the villages. There is no mention of our country. The course towards “farmer dominions” was adopted only by Stolipin a few years before the First World War. You yourself know what happened next.
In the spring of 1952, in “Economic problems of socialism in the USSR,” Stalin wrote: “It is also impossible to respect the thought of other would-be Marxists, as to think that it would be possible to take power and force the expropriation of other and middle-class farmers from the villages and seize their rights robnitstva Marxists also cannot follow this foolish and evil path, because such a path would undermine any possibility of victory for the proletarian revolution, throwing the countryside once again into the camp of enemies of the proletariat.” . Lenin wrote about his cooperative plan.
This is also the data presented in the analytical note of the agricultural economist N.Ya.Itskov from the year 1962. It indicates that the characteristics of the gardening state of the collective farms, until 1959, accounted for 50 to 80% of the gross production of milk, meat, potatoes and vegetables, and eggs of the collective sector. He confirmed that the state is not ready to take on the population, which is to become half the inhabitants of the region. Why did Khrushchev ignore everything? What did you do before the reform was carried out?
The grain problem was not solved. The development of the site was the basis for the decisions of the 1953 Veresnevy Plenum. Because New decisions were praised about the intensification of the agricultural dominion, and the order of the ruler was an extensive method of maintaining the agricultural dominion. Please note that the average grain harvest for 1954-1958 did increase and amounted to 113.2 million tons versus 80.9 million in 1949-1953. They smelled the stench that grew in the 60s. But the “mastered goal” was superimposed on other decisions (enlargement of collective state enterprises, reduction of subsidiary states, passportization, transfer of MTS, voluntary decisions about those who would sit down), which did not allow a new peace You choose grain food. The situation was intensified by increasing urbanization: during the period from 60 to 64 rivers, at least 7 million people moved to the area. In this situation, the decline not only did not change the grain balance of the region, but led (to a number of other factors) to a decrease in the variability and the need to purchase grain outside the border.
Revisionist coup: Kosigin-Lieberman reform.
Voluntary decisions in the agrarian sphere led to the fact that, over the course of two or three years, the agricultural dominion became a commodity. Its co-operation grew sharply, which prompted 1962 to raise the prices of all its products. And in 1963, the crisis of commodity agricultural production led to the fact that, after 1934, the SRSR began to worry about purchasing grain outside the border. The protest against the rural dominion on the right was not limited. The offensive “method” of the reformers was industry and the system of managing the people's dominion.
The economic reform of 1957-1959 started the beginning of the destabilization of government processes in the industry. The essence of this can be summarized by replacing the centralized servicing system with a territorially distributed system
. A number of foreign-union and Union-Republican Galuzian industrial ministries were closed, and their enterprises were transferred to the direct subordination of the Radnargospіv. The planning function was also destabilized: long-term planning was transferred to Derzhekonrad, and more precisely, to Derzhplan.
For a quick understanding of what this meant, I’ll explain first. For example, you need to automate all work areas in the industry. Make your production capitalist and efficient. At the scale of Ekononiki of the Country of Country, the Knocky Estrate is given: the strength is ranging, it is possible for the Speak of Trusty Day for the Zbereznoye of the Cloquions, more than people are pragybuti yakіsnu obvid, the cerebrospinal fluid of science of the Techi Toshcho. Obviously, this is not a robot for one day. To implement this, you will need a development strategy for 8-10 years, as well as the ability to act in a mandated manner for the benefit of the entire people's dominion.
Similar to the importance of obtaining both capital and a large number of enterprises. In this case, the implementation of such initiatives is not always a concern. The reasons may be very different: lack of capital, lack of personnel, lack of time, lack of commitment, etc. As a result, you are faced with a dilemma: either the development of the economy of the entire region depends on the plans of other sovereign units (enterprises), or the development of the sovereign units is consistent with the interests of the entire economy .
In a capitalist system (that is, in a modern economy), everything is stored in specific enterprises. That made me understand, because... In this system, the main priority is maximizing profits, and the main indicator is increasing the capitalization of enterprises. The good of other companies is an axiom and a sacred law. In the Radyan system until 1957, the priority was to increase the goodwill of the people, as it was impossible without the development of the entire people's dominion.
In 1957, they launched the Radnargospіv system, Khrushchev having actually placed the development of the economy of the entire region at the forefront of the plans of other subjects of government . Now the plans did not go down to the all-Union central ministries, but instead reached them. In fact, the development of the plan began to begin at enterprises, continued with the people's state and with the State Plan of a particular republic, and then went on to the State Plan of the SRSR. And the regional ones reached the inter-galore barriers.
How could the SRSR develop and implement the GOELRO plan into life in the 20s, what about the plans for electrification of the skin industry? Would industrialization have been carried out if the country's government had considered plans for other subjects of government? How would the Soviet Union initiate the mechanization of the rural state, should the USSR initiate privateers? I think the answer is obvious.
The development of the economy of our region, the growth of wealth and scientific progress are only possible with the centralized (state, Galuzev and inter-Galuzev corporations) accumulated and redeployed resources. Neither the enterprise nor the Radnargosp can provide anything like this. Reform 1957-1959 The planning in Galuzia was carried out by the promotion of popular interests in the region by the promotion of the interests of enterprises and the interests of regional elites.
Reform born 1957-1959 First of all, attention was given to those interests that arise in the economic policy of the state - systems of both elements, the whole and the private, the people's dominion and the surrounding enterprise. Residual evidence for the benefit of private interest was given in 1965 by Kosigin’s birth.
Kosigin marvelously understands that the country is successfully developing even on paper. In fact, the plans were being finalized, and the quality of the products increased, and the quality decreased. Virologists were chasing the reduction of their personal displays. Kintsevyy sozhivach and obligations of the sold products were of little value.
As a result of the decision, the enterprises were transferred to the state sector. The main criteria for the effectiveness of enterprises were indicators of profit and profitability of production. The planned figures were changed from 30 to 9. Enterprises were allowed to determine the number of their employees, wholesale prices, average wages, obtain funds and loans for the development of production, and create funds for material needs. The result was a typical capitalist enterprise, as well as in a socialist system.
Once again, Stalin suddenly realizes: “If we take profitability not from the perspective of small enterprises and production centers and not from the perspective of one fate, but from the perspective of the entire national government and from the perspective of, say, 10–15 fates, which would be the correct approach to nutrition nnya, then time-hour and German profitability In addition to other enterprises and production centers, we cannot keep up with this great form of economic and sustainable profitability, which gives us the law of the planned development of the people's rule and the planning of the people's rule, saving us from periodic economic crises that ruin the people's dominion and give rise to colossal material wealth surpluses, and will ensure for us the uninterrupted growth of the people's rule at a high rate" .
As a result of the new reform, there will be a short-term interest in several businesses. And the stench was motivated by more and more efforts in all possible ways to generate income and a larger fund of material desires. This inevitably caused inflation, because Profits may be compensated for by the increase in wages. Wages grew, and commodity security rose significantly. Already in the mid-60s, a “penny overhang” began to take shape, which would result in galloping inflation and denomination in the 90s.
The transfer of enterprises to the state sector means the subordination of the entire national government to the interests of several government units. We went back to 1921-1928 rocks, if in the region there was NEP, if in industry and the rural state there were state-produced trusts and syndicates. Thus, the “innovative” reform of 1965-1967 was reversed to the practice of the state rule 30 years ago.
That system of price reductions has been a disaster. Last time we pointed the butt with a hat for 10,000 rubles. In the Stalinist economy, in order to increase the profits of businesses, it was necessary to increase production or reduce the quality of a unit of production. The “Kosigin reform” turned everything on its head - now it became impossible to reduce the Shafi’s social security. Even the income was created as a part of the society. Therefore, the greater the collaboration, the greater the profit. 10% for 10,000 rubles - 1,000 rubles in profit. And 10% equals 15,000 rubles - 1,500 rubles in profit. This means that the need is not to reduce, but to increase the quality of products. If there is a decrease in productivity, it will be a blow to the guts of business. The practice of speculative price fixing and falsification of products has gone down, and then it has taken over the entire economy of the USSR.
State-provided prices were spiraling out of control and government control, they disrupted the balance and balance of the country’s economy, made it difficult to plan, contributed to the development of the country’s priorities and prospects, and led to increasing commodity shortages and difficulties in the healthy market. The economy of the entire region became aligned with the interests of short-term profits, which inevitably caused its disorganization. .
Even more important, it was a blow to democracy in the field. Now it doesn’t matter at all how much competence you have. It doesn’t matter how productive you are. It doesn’t matter what innovations you can and are ready to bring to production. “But no one gives a shit.” Having introduced a price reduction mechanism, a new motivation emerged to sell more and more. I got the motivation to create. Most people began to talk about stable and quiet work with planned increases in positions and salaries.
The clan-like isolation of the “dirty directors” and “bureaucracies” attached to the preserved status quo began to appear. They were the social base that stood for the further decentralization of the economy, the alignment of the state plan with the agreements of state-owned enterprises, the taxation of turnover and the planned procedure for the transfer of enterprise income to the state budget. After 20-25 years, these people and their children initiate “acceleration” and “overcoming”. And the 90 will become today's oligarchs, effective managers and executives.
The advance of 15 years before the “acceleration” was marked by a naftov rally. After the Yom Kippur War, carbohydrate prices skyrocketed. This resulted in even greater stagnation of the Radian economy. The increase in nafta revenues has caused real problems for up to 15 years. However, the prices of the 80s fell, and at the same time the Radyansky Union broke with them for a few rocks.
Beginning in the 60s, the restoration of capitalism was in full swing in the USSR. Reformers were able to replace the development formula with a formula to get to market fundamentals, seeing this as innovation and the road to a wonderful tomorrow. Since the 1960s, a period of inefficiency and stagnation of the Russian economy began. But the reason for the stagnation was not the “socialist method of production”, which is so actively destroying the remaining 25 rocks. The reason was the disorganization of the people's rule for the market element. The very decentralization that began, the transition to the state sector and the maximization of state sector profits led us to the 90s. And the end point of this epic was the privatization of enterprises of the people's state and the further legalization of private power over production facilities, land, enterprises and infrastructure.
Dzherela:
The production of industrial products in the USSR (1913, 1928-1952) - http://istmat.info/files/uploads/36 634/rgae_1562.33.1185_22-33.pdf;
Foreign trade of the USSR 20 years 1918-1937. Statistical collection - http://istmat.info/node/22114;
Short statistical collection - http://istmat.info/files/uploads/36 699/narodnoe_hozyaystvo_sssr_za_1913-195 5_gg.pdf;
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Molyakov D.S. Profit and profitability of industrial enterprise. M., 1967. - http://www.library.fa.ru/files/Moly akov/Molyakov33.pdf;
Naimushin V. “Post-industrial” illusions or systemic neo-industrialization: the choice of modern Russia.
The economic period of the USSR was 74 years from 1917 to 1991.
Based on the totality of economic and political factors, it can be divided into:
- Early. 1918 - 1928 the fate of “military communism” and the new economic policy.
- Stalinsky. 1928 - 1956 the rocks of industrialization, WWW, post-war renewal, development of the Stalinist model.
- Pizny. 1956 - 1991 the rocks of Khrushchev’s rule, the era of apologetic socialism, the “Kosigin” reform, the accelerated and reformed.
Early economy of the USSR
It was characterized by a direct (without pennies) distribution of products, a catastrophic decline in production obligations (for example, the output of the Zinger-Guzhon plant near Moscow, which was later renamed to “Sickle and Hammer”), becoming less than 2% 1913 rock show), annihilation of robots contaminated transport, violent extortion of agricultural products from the villagers, hunger among the local population.As a result of rectifying the situation, the decision to encourage private initiative, which led to the emergence of HEPA, was praised.
Stalin's economy of the USSR
During the “Stalinist” period, power distribution of resources and power planning became the main economical methods of management. Until 1991, 12 five-year plans were implemented.The initial course towards industrialization is an increase in the production and production of important industries (for these indicators and behind the scenes, the GDP of the SRSR took 1st place in Europe and 2nd in the world in 30 years) - allowing to create the basis for rapid economic growth and victory at VVV.
It’s great that industrialization was carried out with the help of an ingenious economical gain - medical pennies (not to be confused with “unprepared ones”). In 1929, the nation's money was divided into Russian and ready-made rubles, and the economy was divided into:
- the sector of living goods from the turnover of ready-made rubles;
- sector of production, infrastructure, social security with a large amount of carbon dioxide.
The practice of the “underground” economy is recognized as unique, uniform in the world. The project was founded in 1965 at the time of the “Kosigin reform”, when A. N. Kosigin, being the head of the Radmin, sent parts of the rackets of pennies to the preparation for the desire of the workers. It was planned to increase the pressure on productivity, but the population ended up with unsecured money in their hands and an interest in increasing profits instead of increasing output. The reform brought the country into a state that was later called “stagnation.”
At the end of the war, military expenditures “absorbed” ~ 44% of national income (data for 1943). An important role during the military period, and during the war period, was played by the assistance of the United States under the Lend-Lease law - the USSR was able to reward scientific research for additional copying of foreign technology and ownership.
The year 1948 was able to reach the pre-war level due to low economic indicators. Whom accepted the cost-free process of conscription, military conscription and payment of reparations by German enterprises (for example, from the territory of Nimechchina, production lines were exported, and the road was equipped nnya).
In the 50s, the change in the extensive economy became intense, and GDP during the period grew by 10% in the average period.
Life economy of the USSR
At the beginning of the late period, the SRSR occupied a leading position in the field of diesel locomotive production, carbon production, carbon dioxide production, and achieved success in the production of electricity, oil and gas production, steel production, chavunu, mіndobriv. The income of the population increased by 1/3, collective workers began to reduce their salaries, and the housing fund increased by 40%.Since 1965, the Swedish rate of growth began to slow down - the rate of growth accelerated:
- unproductive agro-industrial complex;
- military expenditures, which will become 12% of GDP;
- insufficient economical opening.
- there was an increasing trend in technology;
- the emergence and intensification of a shortage of consumer goods (more than 1/4 of GDP was spent on the production of goods of “group B”, while the distribution was spent on goods of “group A”), distribution was carried out for coupons and cards;
- economic efficiency decreased;
- the growing “shadow” sector of the economy;
- The world's scientific and technological revolution with computerization and resource saving was left behind.
Having been another power in the world behind the obligations of GDP. Approximately 20 hundred square meters of the USSR economy was devoted to industrial production.
Pili Zakinchennya Grumadyancoi at Soyuz Bulo was held by Nova Ekononichnu Politika (Neva), to the privilege of Pіdprimnitroy, to the earnings of the 1930s, the rocky hill boula of Zakinhenen, I wanted to finish it in the distance.
After this, the economy was divided into fives.
The pre-war five-year-old Swede grew up in heavy commercial production, which provided great assistance in defeating the fascists. In the thirties in terms of GDP, the Radian Union in the world sacrificed only to the United States, and in Europe it came first, however, inevitably for the moment, by sacrificing to Germany.
During the war, the economy was disrupted, and many factories were repurposed to produce military products. There were great military expenditures, which covered the donations of citizens, amounting to close to 100 billion rubles.
At the end of the war, due to the drought and famine of 46-47 years, a plan was adopted for the transformation of nature, insurance coverage until 65 years. The goal of this plan was to stay in the water in order to dry off the dry land. In this way, thanks to all the efforts of the Radyan people, the union managed to emerge in ten years from one of the most terrible wars in the history of mankind and turn its most important place among the world's economies i.
After his death, Mikita Khrushchev became the last man, who decided to set a course for the development of light industry, agricultural rule and the production of everyday goods. In the 56th century, the complex of people's dominion was disintegrated. This complex will ensure technical progress, develop the reckless industry and, most importantly, raise the standard of living of the population of the city. As a result, Khrushchev’s economic attempts were not far off, but in the 60th century the Union took first place with the production of coal ore, cement, and much more, and with the production of gas and oil, preparation of natural goodness. The housing stock was increased and until the mid-60s the economy, and the industry of the Radyansky Union was different from that of the States.
During the reign of Brezhnev, they tried to give the economy a new wave of success. Through the war there was an increased growth in industry. The closure of the Radyan economy also played a negative role. While GDP continued to rise at a rapid pace, productivity growth declined. The average national income has fallen. Over the course of life in the 70s, the USSR expanded to dozens of world countries. Sales of naphtha have expanded. New clans were established in Western Siberia. Like nafta, the union sold gas in the 70s.
In the 80s, the economic indicators of the USSR were different after the acquisition of the States of America.
In the early days, the economy went down due to a lot of factors, including the war in Afghanistan, which was happening, and the tragedy at the Chernobil nuclear power plant. Until the 1990s, the economy fell into disrepair and became critical. Shops and markets were empty, the threat of famine loomed over the country, food coupons were introduced, and this was also tied to the Prohibition Law. Control over the country was lost, as a result of which everything led to disintegration.