Anne Robert Jacques Turgot(French Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, baron de l'Aulne, Baron d'Aulne; 10 April 1727 - 18 February 1781) - French economist, philosopher and sovereign leader. He has gone down in history as one of the founders of economic liberalism.
Biography
Childhood and youth
Originally from Normandy. He was appointed to the Estates General in 1614 as a representative of the Norman nobility; His childhood became, at the end of the 17th century, an intendant at Metz, then at Tours; His father was one of the prominent figures of the municipal administration in Paris (merchant provost of Paris). The third son of the family, Turgot was promoted to spiritual rank. His mother's swearing, a quiet, disgruntled boy, who hovered under the sofas and chairs, when his father's everyday life was a stranger, he went to the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, and then entered the Sorbonne for the end no theological enlightenment. Behind the words of Morelli, Turgot’s comrade, he had already revealed with renewed vigor the remarkable goals of his mind: the importance of clearly understanding the interrelated ideas and grouping all the diversity of facts into one system. With the influx of two enlightened readers, as well as the reading of the works of Voltaire and Locke, the talented young man could not preserve his old knowledge in the imperfect state, not wanting to “wear a mask in his face all the time”, asking his father to leave What an obligation to be a priest.
Literary activity
From the two works, which Turgot captured in Latin at the Sorbonne in 1750, he discovered a number of important historical and philosophical ideas that revealed a great wide knowledge of history and a wide range of human developments thoughts. To the thought of V.P. Volgin, who gave “one of the first drawings of a well-thought-out bourgeois theory of progress.” In contrast to Voltaire, Turgot tried to show that the progress of thought was evident in the very “gloomy and barbaric” era of the Middle Ages. After leaving the Sorbonny, Turgot entered the Parisian parliament and two years later lost the title of racketeer master. However, the ship's records did not forget Turgot: he decided to write the philosophy of history, taking up geography, literature, natural history, and quickly connected with all the eternal literary world of Paris. He became a member of Madame Geoffrin's salon, collaborating with Montesquieu, d'Alembert, Helvetia, Holbach, and later (1762) with Adam Smith.
Particularly important for him was his acquaintance in 1755 with the head of the school of physiocrats, Kene and Gurne. With the rest, Turgot made the greatest progress, having conquered France from him, having developed the industry and trade, and having learned about economical policies and their results.
One Turgot product appears after another, and proper nutrition is disrupted in the skin area. Turgot writes:
- against the philosophy of Berkeley (“Lettres contre le systme de Berkeley”);
- against Maupertuis shodo pokhodzhennya movi (“Remarques critiques”, 1750);
- examines the “Peruvian Leaves” by F. de Graffigny (1751, “Observations M-me de Graffigny”);
- creates a plan for political geography and underground history (“Gographie politique” and “Discours sur l’histoire universelle”, unfinished, 1750 and 1751);
- discusses food about religious tolerance (“Lettres sur la tolrance”, 1753-1754;
- compiles a number of philosophical and economic articles in the Encyclopedia (the words Existence, timologie, Expansibilit, Foires et marches, Fondation, Langues);
- laudable word of Vincent de Gournay (loge de Gournay, 1759).
Through and in this case, Turgot is deprived of his own kind of thinker, a person’s darkened way of thinking, which does not contribute to the mood, the enemy of a clear harmony. Thus, in the works of Madame de Graffigny, Turgot is a hive of nervousness, pouring into new good, without any inexorable development of colorful mysteries. In treatises on religious tolerance, regardless of the breadth of his views, Turgot stands for the right of a power to adopt another religion and offer its intercession, considering the possibility of a change in slaughter, and fanaticism at that. Hoping with Ken, we stand for the preservation of the unbounded central power “Under the influx of speculation about the great blessings bestowed upon France and Europe by the king who fell asleep and gave enormous rights to the great masses "(memoirs of Madame Hausset). His favor before the monarchy was indicated by Turgot's accession to the reformed parliament (chambre royale, 1754), and by the note submitted to him as minister to Louis XVI for the reform of municipalities, and by the letter to Dr. Price of the American which constitutions.
(Fr. Anne Robert Jacques Turgot; May 10, 1727 - Berezny 18, 1781) - French economist and government official. He has gone down in history as one of the founders of economic liberalism.
Originally from Normandy. He was appointed to the Estates General in 1614 as a representative of the Norman nobility; His childhood became, at the end of the 17th century, an intendant at Metz, then at Tours; His father was one of the prominent figures of the municipal administration in Paris (merchant provost of Paris). The third son of the family, Turgot was promoted to spiritual rank. His mother's swearing, a quiet, disgruntled boy, who hovered under the sofas and chairs, when his father's everyday life was a stranger, he went to the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, and then entered the Sorbonne for the end no theological enlightenment. Behind the words of Morelli, Turgot’s comrade, he had already revealed with renewed vigor the remarkable goals of his mind: the importance of clearly understanding the interrelated ideas and grouping all the diversity of facts into one system. With the influx of two enlightened readers, as well as the reading of the works of Voltaire and Locke, the talented young man could not save his old knowledge from all the imperfections and did not want to “wear a mask in his face all the time,” asking his father Try to oblige him to be a priest.
The two proclamations spoken by Turgot at the local meetings of the Sorbonne in 1750 revealed an even greater knowledge of history for that time, and a broad development of human thought. In contrast to Voltaire, Turgot tried to show that the progress of thought was evident in the very “gloomy and barbaric” era of the Middle Ages. After leaving the Sorbonny, Turgot entered the Parisian parliament and two years later lost the title of racketeer master. However, the ship's records did not forget Turgot: he decided to write the philosophy of history, taking up geography, literature, natural history, and quickly connected with all the eternal literary world of Paris. He became a member of Madame Geoffrin's salon, collaborating with Montesquieu, d'Alembert, Helvetia, Holbach, and later (1762) with Adam Smith.
Science achievements
Particularly important for him was his acquaintance in 1755 with the head of the school of physiocrats, Kene and Gurne. With the rest, Turgot made the most of his progress, defeating France with him, developing the industry and trade, and learning about economical policies and their results.
In 1761, Turgot was appointed intendant in Limoges, serving until 1774. Here his activity assumes the widest dimensions. He never ceases to engage in scientific matters, actively chatting with friends from various scientific backgrounds, interprets Horace and Popa, exchanges thoughts about Latin literature with David Hume, about philosophy and ethics - with Condors, a number of treatises on political economy (“Reflexions sur sur la formation et la distribution des richesses”, articles about value and pennies in the trade dictionary of Morell, memoirs about the free trade in grain, about credit, about the law of the country, a number of circulars are distributed to local officials, rural priests, etc. about the division of taxes and yak I have a whole theory of financial law.
At the same time, he works tirelessly as a quartermaster, completing all the endlessly varied functions associated with these ranks. He had a significant district. This is a region that has retained its agricultural character. Due to the culprit of many manufactories, mainly in Limoges and in many other places, industry may have waned. Trade was extremely weakly excused, rapidly changing the income of the nobles, and among the population, having acquired the land in the first way, most importantly with the help of cows, on low-native soil and frightened by the masses, they went hard to earn money in other ways. and locality, say in Spain. This region is terribly burdened with taxes. Of the income she collected, about 48-50% went to the treasury. According to Turgot's assessments, she overpaid treasuries by 700 thousand levries more than the other provinces of the kingdom. Before this, there was an extreme unevenness in the distribution of the surrounding districts and parishes, a generally low level of taxation, complete chaos in the compiled tax lists, an incorrect and mostly satisfactory assessment of the lands that belonged to the villagers.
After arriving in Limousin, Turgot first tried to correct the evil that was created by the system of subjugation. Coming from the theory of physiocrats, Turgot in his memoir “Sur les impositions” pointed out the established tax: he is guilty of being absolutely accurate and precise and consistent with the income of the landowner. In practice, however, I happened to lose the front systems, so that when the singing sum was drawn from the skin parish, the bags of which divided them among themselves. Having decided to start a proper cadastration, create a new description of the area, plot by plot, in order to re-calibrate them and correct and detailed assessment of the profitability of each. He monitored the activities of his agents and collected a lot of accurate data from rich paraphrases. It’s not my fault that the letter on the right wasn’t brought to an end. There were no funds left for a serious cadastre; The state was responsible for their allocations. On the other hand, the assessment work in Limousin alone, without the same in all of France, did not provide significant bases for assessing the portion of the taxes that were due from Limousin. All the troubles of Turgot to get rid of the heavy tax collector from Limousin turned out to be so muddy, as he had to pay for the cadastration of all France. They managed to cope, however, with a significant influx on the minds, and the system, which had stagnated at Limousin, became the exit point for the next hour.
Turgot achieved greater success with this reform, which introduced a 100% natural road tax (corvee). Even earlier, Kanya's quartermaster, Fonzett, tried to transfer the payment in kind from a penny. Turgot, having expanded those that had been developed by Fonzett, and, regardless of inveterate reliance, achieved that in 1764 the majority of parishes showed a year for reform. A foundation had recently been established, with the help of Turgot, who was able to disseminate low-level disputes that connected the main centers of the provinces among themselves.
One hundred percent of the scourge of the rural population is the police, Turgot wanted to replace the system of lottery, which led to the greatest misery, with a system of voluntary registration in the police, and civil parishes important ob'yazku rasshukuvat those who sneered at the military ob'lyazku. In order to protect the rural population, we stopped until Limousin to supply supplies for military needs to the hands of the enterprise, which was already practiced in Languedoc and Franche-Comtie, in a row. Let Turgot become a barracks, in order to limit how much military service there may be.
The religion of the past brought Turgot to the point where the fact of power was progressively strengthened by the fact of cultivation of the land, as a result of which the gross income from the land became distributed between the farmer, like the vineyard of the city for work, and the ruler. The remainder of the income is given to the employee and the deducted other expenses of the employer, removing everything that is lost and the net income. For such minds, the whole tax of the tax, for Turgot, may fall on the ruler, and not on the farmer. Eliminate, as far as possible, this remaining type of subsidy created by the old regime, weaken the filth of the inheritance of its additional cadastration, accept all approaches to raising the culture, remove the unprofitable inflows of the panic economy Modern politics - these were the main tasks of Turgot through the end of the meeting, together with the physiocrats: . We have also helped the rural sovereignty, trying to direct its activity to the establishment of detailed methods of dominion; organizing in the right ambushes the wine-town for the killings, recognized by the villagers and other persons during the famine, the city, and the like; having conceded the right of bailiffs, who were used to alleviate arrears, to take money from the villagers for travel and morning expenses, as well as the right to sell for arrears, beds, thinness, and agricultural supplies; vvіv in potato crops.
According to Turgot, freedom is the most important intellectual development of wealth: it is given to everyone, both in the sphere of trade and in the sphere of trade transactions. To create the people's wealth, it is necessary to turn trade around that valuable freedom, which it has wasted as a legacy of concerns generated by the age of ignorance, and the complexity of the government in favor of private interests; It is necessary to ease all possible activities in order to create potentially great competition, leading to an increase in the creation and setting of prices that are most profitable for buyers. This theory of freedom is not subject to competition with the theory of the separation of the government from the worker, Turgot voting that “the wages of the worker are limited by what is necessary for his work.”
In 1769, Angoulême suffered a commercial crisis as a result of the market's inflated bills of exchange. Trade faltered, merchants spent their credit, and many people went bankrupt. The speculators, who floated these bills, decided to quickly end up in a crisis: the stinks began to ring in the people from whom they stole the bills, in excess, and filed money against them before the court, escalating to the middle-class laws about growth, which scurried around France. Turgot soon faced a crisis both theoretically and practically. He succeeded in obtaining the transfer of justice to Korolevskaya for the sake of slowing down the ship's re-examination and destroying such defenses in the future. He presented his famous treatise on growth ( sur les prets d'argent), who, having given in to harsh criticism, has grown in their middle-class views. These arguments were repeated in one form or another by economists of the liberal school of the 19th century. Turgot did not get one more thing: the appearance of a royal declaration that would sanction his principles.
Following the crisis of trade and penny prices in Limousin in 1770-1771, there was a terrible famine - as a result of the famine of the population under the current regime. The energy that Turgot discovered in this unfortunate fate was remarkable. Vin achieved a position of 1,240 thousand levries, having spent 90 thousand, wasting his riches (20 thousand levres), calling for help, organizing everywhere in Limousin and the city, and a bureau for the provision of assistance and until the end of the day, depriving the population of hunger . .
Aside from the fact that we have respect for this, there was freedom of trade, just like the trade in bread. In 1764, the royal edict allowed free trade in grain, but when famine struck, the Bordeaux parliament, having seen the regulations that bounded the law, municipalities began to destroy it, and the comptroller general, Abbot Terre, issued a new edict according to the law of 1764. Turgot went to Korolevskaya for the sake of lamenting about the binding of the Bordeaux decree to the parliament, binding all the regulations of municipal municipalities, directly against freedom of trade, distributing a lot of copies in the villages as an edict of 1764 , as well as Letron’s treatise on the freedom of trade in bread, becoming special. propagating your ideas. From the early days of 1770, during the hour, amid the tireless work of the house on the bark of the hungry, Turgot sent one sheet according to another to the abbot of Terre, trying to roll it over the need to save and expand the freedom of trade in bread. From 7 sheets of Turgot he drew all the arguments for the protection of the free trade in bread. It’s not enough, in my opinion, to bring the culture of all the provinces of France on a par with Normandy and Picardy; the principle of physiocracy, to increase the wealth of the region. Zusilla Turgot appeared in the dark. Terra received confirmation by the king of the edict of 23 April 1770, which covered the main objectives of the law of 1764.
Turgot studied with François Quesnay, the founder of the school of physiocrats, and shared his view. In our Dnie Turgo Vidomiy Yak the Vidden Mister il Korolivsky Mіnister, and the provliks of the Ekonomichny Lіberalizma - Türgo, who was inhabited by the half for the minds of the monarchy france (France).
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was born on May 10, 1727 near Paris. He was the young son of Michel-Étienne Turgot, who from 1729 to 1740 captured the seat of the Parisian leader - today they would say that he was the mayor of Paris - and Madeleine Françoise Martino de Bretinol Francoise Martineau de Bret ), from an old Norman family.
Illustration, having obtained Turgot, was little respected, but in both the ways of a church worker, he went to the Sorbonne, where he joined in 1749, and was called at that time Abbé de Brucourt. At the Sorbonne, Turgot presented two miraculous dissertations in Latin, “Les avantages que la religion chrétienne apportés à l"espece humaine" ("On the achievements that the Christian religion has bestowed on humanity") and "L"Histoire du progrès dans l'es ("Historical progress of human intelligence").
The first evidence of his interest in economics was a sheet about Paper's pennies, which is simply the defense of Abbé Jean Terrasson of the system of John Law, dating back to 1749 and addressed to his fellow university, Abbé de Cicé. In addition, Turgot loved verse and tried to introduce the rules of Latin prosody into French poetry, transposing the fourth book of the Aeneid in classical hexameter. Until the end of his career, Turgot decided not to take holy orders, arguing that “he could not wear a mask until the end of his life.”
Turgot first identified the idea of progress that occupied him, in his “Tableau philosophique des progrés successifs de l'ésprit humain” (“Philosophical review of the latest achievements of the human mind”) dated 1750. For Turgot, progress is not to blame mysticism and science, and both the foundations, the entire culture - manners, traditions, regulations, legal codes, economics and marriage.
In 1752, he first became a substitute, and then a member of the Parisian parliament; in 1753, he became a mayor, then. a high-ranking official in the courts, and in 1754 - a member of the royal chamber. Turgot became a patron of the Parisian salons, and became acquainted with the leaders of the school of physiocrats, Vincent de Gournay, and other economists.
In 1760, with the rise in price of France and Switzerland (Switzerland), he introduced Voltaire, who became one of his main friends and supporters. All this hour, Turbot studied the various galoozes of science and literature, both ancient and current, and occupied himself with translations and literary work, writing articles, pamphlets and works on economic and religious topics. In 1761, Turgot was appointed quartermaster, then. We select the taxes of Limoges, one of the poorest parts of the country, and having covered this plantation with 13 rocks, we are trying to consolidate our economic knowledge to the benefit of our territory. At the same time, the most famous work of his work was written, “Reflections sur la formation et la distribution des richesses” (“Think about the creation and distribution of wealth”), in 1769-1770 it was directed in the magazine “Ephémérides du citoyen” and in 1776 it was published m volume .
In 1774, with the reign of Louis XVI, Turgot was appointed Minister of the Navy, and then, a month later, Controller General of Finance. His recognition was accompanied by celestial praises, philosophical and economic stakes embraced him with enthusiasm. The financial situation of France was extraordinary, and Turgot immediately began to implement a long-prepared program, one of the main points of which was the most effective cost savings in all countries - all expenses As soon as they pass through the hands of the general controller, the sinecures are mercilessly shortened, the evil is pinned down. Also emphasizing that taxes should not be raised, he recommended that the queen increase pensions and create jobs.
Turgot immediately issued a decree allowing free trade in grain, and this bill was met with the strongest opposition, according to the royal parliament. Other ministers and those who were invested in grain speculation hated the progressive economist.
But Turgot’s greatest enemy was the famine of 1774, which was a call to theft and theft. However, Turgot showed great firmness in the stifled deceptions and encouraged the king in everything. But he did not manage to withhold the trust of Louis XVI (the queen expressed especially strong witchcraft before Turgot, they were encouraged by the clergy and the nobility), and Turgot, having lost the encouragement of the king, who was afraid of such progressive reforms - on May 12, 1776, he was punished with taxes stand.
The remainder of his life was spent in scientific and literary research and died on the 18th of February 1781.
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was born on May 10, 1727 near Paris. He was the young son of Michel-Étienne Turgot, who from 1729 to 1740 captured the seat of the Parisian leader - today they would say that he was the mayor of Paris - and Madeleine Françoise Martino de Bretinol Francoise Martineau de Bret ), from an old Norman family.
Illustration, having obtained Turgot, was little respected, but in both the ways of a church worker, he went to the Sorbonne, where he joined in 1749, and was called at that time Abbé de Brucourt. At the Sorbonne, Turgot presented two miraculous dissertations in Latin, “Les avantages que la religion chrétienne apportés à l"espece humaine" ("On the achievements that the Christian religion has bestowed on humanity") and "L"Histoire du progrès dans l'es ("Historical progress of human intelligence").
The first evidence of his interest in economics was a sheet about Paper's pennies, which is simply the defense of Abbé Jean Terrasson of the system of John Law, dating back to 1749 and addressed to his fellow university, Abbé de Cicé. In addition, Turgot loved verse and tried to introduce the rules of Latin prosody into French poetry, transposing the fourth book of the Aeneid in classical hexameter. Until the end of his career, Turgot decided not to take holy orders, arguing that “he could not wear a mask until the end of his life.”
Turgot first identified the idea of progress that occupied him, in his “Tableau philosophique des progrés successifs de l'ésprit humain” (“Philosophical review of the latest achievements of the human mind”) dated 1750. For Turgot, progress is not to blame mysticism and science, and both the foundations, the entire culture - manners, traditions, regulations, legal codes, economics and marriage.
In 1752, he first became a substitute, and then a member of the Parisian parliament; in 1753, he became a mayor, then. a high-ranking official in the courts, and in 1754 - a member of the royal chamber. Turgot became a patron of the Parisian salons, and became acquainted with the leaders of the school of physiocrats, Vincent de Gournay, and other economists.
In 1760, with the rise in price of France and Switzerland (Switzerland), he introduced Voltaire, who became one of his main friends and supporters. All this hour, Turbot studied the various galoozes of science and literature, both ancient and current, and occupied himself with translations and literary work, writing articles, pamphlets and works on economic and religious topics. In 1761, Turgot was appointed quartermaster, then. We select the taxes of Limoges, one of the poorest parts of the country, and having covered this plantation with 13 rocks, we are trying to consolidate our economic knowledge to the benefit of our territory. At the same time, the most famous work of his work was written, “Reflections sur la formation et la distribution des richesses” (“Think about the creation and distribution of wealth”), in 1769-1770 it was directed in the magazine “Ephémérides du citoyen” and in 1776 it was published m volume .
In 1774, with the reign of Louis XVI, Turgot was appointed Minister of the Navy, and then, a month later, Controller General of Finance. His recognition was accompanied by celestial praises, philosophical and economic stakes embraced him with enthusiasm. The financial situation of France was extraordinary, and Turgot immediately began to implement a long-prepared program, one of the main points of which was the most effective cost savings in all countries - all expenses As soon as they pass through the hands of the general controller, the sinecures are mercilessly shortened, the evil is pinned down. Also emphasizing that taxes should not be raised, he recommended that the queen increase pensions and create jobs.
Turgot immediately issued a decree allowing free trade in grain, and this bill was met with the strongest opposition, according to the royal parliament. Other ministers and those who were invested in grain speculation hated the progressive economist.
Most days
| Transforming into Barbie Vіdvіdalo 329 |
Biography Originally from Normandy. He was appointed to the Estates General in 1614 as a representative of the Norman nobility; His childhood became, at the end of the 17th century, an intendant at Metz, then at Tours; His father was one of the prominent figures of the municipal administration in Paris (merchant provost of Paris). The third son of the family, Turgot was promoted to spiritual rank. His mother's swearing, a quiet, disgruntled boy, who hovered under the sofas and chairs, when his father's everyday life was a stranger, he went to the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, and then entered the Sorbonne for the end no theological enlightenment. Behind the words of Morelli, Turgot’s comrade, he had already revealed with renewed vigor the remarkable goals of his mind: the importance of clearly understanding the interrelated ideas and grouping all the diversity of facts into one system. Under the influence of two enlightened readers, as well as reading the works of Voltaire and Locke, the talented young man asked his father to resign him from becoming a priest.
Basic principles The main work of his book “Think about enlightenment and the distribution of wealth” was published as a book in 1766. Middle works: “Values and pennies” (1769). Turgot's creations were based on the ambushes of economical markets that convey free competition and free trade. Plan of work about trade, penny trading, wealth and wealth of powers Establishment of funds Laudatory word for Vincent de Gournay Grain trading
The breakdown of the nutrition of the learned about the class of wines provides a detailed view of the social structure of the marriage, giving a clearer understanding of the class structure of the marriage. Take a closer look at Kene, seeing three classes in the marriage: productive, barren and ruler of the land. However, they called the first two classes working or busy classes, respectfully, because they fall into two categories of people: the workers, who are in power, and the hired workers, who have nothing to do with rim of working hands and crafts.
Turgot has molded prices on the market. You have seen the exact prices that are established in relation to the propositions and fundamentals, equal to what is given by the doctors. Basic prices are at a minimum; the price cannot go lower. Turgot abandoned the concept of “capital”. Having paid the rent with a jerel profit. Having recognized trade and trade profits as income to capital. Turgot followed the march of the positional officer. In view of the need to give pennies to the position, it is natural to take it for a hundred, since the seller is spending income that could be lost. The value of the sum, in Turgot’s opinion, should serve as an indicator in the market to indicate an excess or shortage of capital. For example, a low price is not a show and a legacy of excess capital.
Turgot and the theory of pennies Turgot introduced an addition to the theory of pennies. This signifies its connection with the commodity world, reinforcing the commodity nature of gold and sliver. Gold and silver survive and represent the value of other goods and change in price at the same level as other goods due to abundance. Paper's pennies, from a glance, lead to insignificance, if their quantity does not reflect the quantity of goods and services being exchanged. Having spoken about the negative consequences of protectionist policies, it is important that the freedom to buy and sell is necessary to ensure the seller’s price, the right choice, and the buyer to ensure the best possible product at the lowest price. whine.
Powerful activity As the Minister of Finance of France, Turgot showed himself to be a prominent power figure. He published and implemented six laws (edicts) in the name of the king: 1) on the transformation of in-kind travel duties into penny taxes; 2) about the further reduction of local taxes for the sale of bread; 3) about the reduction of other fees from traders; 4) about the poverty of the guild craft; 5) about the shortage of lard to be imported to France (candles were made from lard); 6) about the reduction of duties from the meat trade. All these decisions were due to the reduction of feudal boundaries and the development of bourgeois trade and penny payments.
The great reforms of the physiocrats expressed the interests of no less than the rural dominion. “The science of natural order” opened the way to the development of market, capitalist deposits in the area and villages. The formula they proclaimed, laissez faire, laissez passer, meant significant freedom of industrial activity, the development of initiative, economic progress, not solely tied to agrarian interests. The work of A. Turgot ranges seamlessly from physiocracy to classical polytheconomy.
1) Classy. Knowing the correctness of the trinomial structure of the matrimony, indicated in the economic table, Turgot introduced the concept of the hired worker and the capitalist, and correctly explained the relationship of the hired worker to the branches of the middle producer of the land l. 2) The “pure product” was divided into land rent and income, which, in its turn, was divided into hundreds and personal income. 3) Turgot interpreted capital as “accumulated value,” indicating its existence until self-growth. 4) Variety and price. Turgot's virtuousness is determined by the coarseness of speech, and the price is determined by a proposition based on the assessment of speech by the buyer and the seller. This development challenged Turgot’s theory from classical political economics.
References: 1. History of economic beginnings: Pidruchnik/S.A. Barteniv. - 2nd type, processed. ta add. - M.: Master, 2007 History of economic beginnings 2. History of economic beginnings: Pidruchnik / for the past. ed. A.G. Khudokormova. – M. INFA-M p. - (Series “Vishcha osvita”). History 3. History of economics. navchan: Navch. Pos_bnik: for zag. ed. T.A. Shmarlivsky. – MN.: LLC “Nove Znannya”, p. 4. Titova N.Є. History of economics today: Course of lectures. -M: Humanit s.
