Democrat [b. close to 460 rubles, Abdera (Thrace), - died close to 370 rubles. BC e.], a long-time Greek philosopher-materialist, one of the first representatives of atomism. From the lessons about D.'s life that have been preserved, due to his numerous travels in various countries (including Egypt, Babylonia, Iran, India, Ethiopia), the encyclopedic nature of his knowledge: D. all the basic sciences - ethics, mathematics , physics, astronomy, medicine, philology, technology, music theory, etc. Of the numerous works of D. (Diogenes Laertsky has up to 70), only about 300 fragments have reached us. Many authoritative ancient texts praise the simplicity, clarity and beauty of D.’s style, which for its poetic quality is close to the style of Plato.
16) Like everything else Democrat having stepped down the path of a stringent, clear and logically grounded vision. The final thought of his life is in the future: “there is nothing in the world except atoms and empty particles, everything is allowed in the empty cob of indivisible eternal and immutable particles, which are forever collapsing in the empty space, now melting, now separated, one by one.”
But, according to Democritus, it is a borderline simple, indivisible and impenetrable atom. Atoms are impersonal. Democritus characterizes atoms as follows: the stench is eternal, immutable, inseparable, impenetrable, does not fade and disappears. The stench has absolute strength and hardness and vibrancy, differing from one another according to its body and figure. All bodies are made up of atoms, the real power of speech is the essence of the quiet ones that are attached to the atoms. Reshta sensitively perceives the power: the taste, the smell, the temperature - hover over the speeches, even the sensitive ones perceive people.
The atoms are strengthened by one kind of empty space. If an atom is butt, then when empty it is not. On the one hand, if there was no empty space, then there would be no real multiplicity and no balance. On the other hand, if everything was divisible to the point of infinity, then everyone would have less, and then the world would have nothing. There would be no world itself. The star emerges: as if the endless divisibility had lost any magnitude, allowing it into nothing, then it is necessary to destroy the solids of the body, otherwise there would be nothing significant. Rukh Democritus respected the eternal natural state of the Cosmos. The roc glowed very clearly as a mechanical movement of atoms in an empty machine.
Well, the essence of Democritus’ ontology was reduced to two main provisions:
1. All speeches are made from the union of atoms: all the diversity of light flows from their connection and subsection. Therefore, speeches are differentiated by the number of their atoms, by their form, order and becoming.
2. Atoms are always collapsing in too much empty space. In relation to the atom, the place that wine occupies is completely random.
Democrat also develops cosmology. Empty is important to be homogeneous and isotropic, but you won’t be able to follow the whole line to the end. You have to enter “top” and “bottom”. Important atoms for the legends. It’s easy to beat them up and stick together. As a result, a cosmological whirlwind is created - the light of which we live. There are plenty of such whirlwinds. This idea of the multiplicity of worlds has lived on.
Cosmology - Velika Porozhneča is spacious and vast. At the beginning of the chaos of atomic ruins, the Great Empty One spontaneously creates a whirlwind. The symmetry of the Great Empty appears destroyed in the middle of the vortex, where the center and periphery lie. Heavy bodies that settle at the cowlick tend to accumulate near the center of the cowlick. The difference between the easy and the important is not clear, but rather subtle, and this is where the essential progress lies. Democritus explains the separation of speech in the middle of the vortex with the following principle: the important bodies of the vortex, which are pushed to the center of the vortex, lose their lungs, and they are deprived of those close to the vortex’s periphery. At the center of the light the Earth is formed, which is made up of the most important atoms. On the outer surface, the light appears as a reflection of dry spittle, which strengthens the space from the excessive Great Empty. As a result, the structure of the light is formed by the dispersion of atoms to the center of the vortex, the light of Democritus forms a spherically symmetrical structure.
The atomistic theory of Democritus was a natural result of the development of advanced philosophical thought. In the atomistic system of Democritus one can find parts of the main materialistic systems of ancient Greece and ancient times right away. Here are the most important principles - the principle of saving butt, the principle of the gravity of like to like, the very understanding of the physical world as a cob, ethical belief - all of this was already laid down in philosophical systems to give way to atomism.
However, the changes in the ideas of the atomistic belief and its philosophical currents were not less than the “ready” ideas that the atomists found in their era. Many followers respect that the belief about atoms has come as a response to the nutrition supplied by the oils, and as the highest purification that has appeared, which is sensitively understandable to the intelligible reality, which is clearly expressed in Zeno’s “aporias.”
Zgіdno with Democritus, Vsesvіt – whole matter, atoms of speech (butya – to on, to den) and empty (to unden, to meden); The rest is as real as the reality. The atoms that are always collapsing, uniting, creating all speeches, their separation leading to the death and ruin of the rest.
The concept introduced by atomists is empty as if it has little deep philosophical significance. The category of non-butt did not make it possible to explain the guilt and change of speeches. True, with Democritus both but and not fulfilled the order, okremo: the atoms were the bearers of multiplicity, the empty ones were the ones of unity; Whose theory was metaphysical. Aristotle tried to explain that “the same eternal body is sometimes rare, sometimes hardened,” but a change in quality is not just a replacement and a division. However, at the present time, he could not give a proper explanation to this, even as Democritus convincingly argued that the reason for this phenomenon is the change in the number of atomic loads.
The concept of empty space led to the concept of spaciousness. The metaphysics of rice of ancient atomism also appeared in the reasonable price of inconsistency as an unfinished kilkis accumulation or change, connection or separation of permanent “sides” of the butt. However, this does not mean that Democritus began to feel the lucidity of the transformation; however, the stench played an important role in his picture. The purposes of the world are transformed into others. Around the speeches are being reinvented, since the eternal atoms and the impossible knowledge of anonymity give rise to new speeches. Reinvention occurs as a result of the collapse of the old whole, the separation of atoms, which become a new whole.
According to Democritus, atoms inseparable (atomos - “individual”), the stench is absolutely strong and does not stain physical parts. But in your dry bodies the stench becomes so strong that between them you lose even the minimum amount of empty space; In these spaces between the atoms lies the consistency of the body.
The cream is a sign of the Borough of Olives and the power of the Pythagorean “boundaries” looms. The skin atom is edged, surrounded by a singing surface, and has an unchanging geometric shape. However, empty as “beyond” it is not enclosed by anything and the most important signs of a true bottle are removed. Atomi just can't seem to grasp it. The stench is similar to powder that floats in the wind, and is unnoticeable in its very small size, until the sun falls on it, which has penetrated through the window into the living room. Ale atomi nabagato menshe cikh poroshin; Just forget your thoughts, your mind may realize that there is no hope. The stench is also incompatible with the fact that it does not carry the most sensitive sensations - smell, color, relish, etc.
Why, however, should atoms and Democritus fight among themselves?
The most important testimony of Theophrastus, a scholar of Aristotle, whose comments served as the basis for a wealth of later knowledge about the philosophy of the Greek Pre-Socratics, including Democritus, the English pre-scientist Mac Diarmid, who voted on singing super-eternity. In some places it is more about the diversity of the forms of atoms, in others - also about the diversity of their order and position. Please understand that it does not matter: not just single atoms, but storage bodies, or groups of atoms in one storage body can be divided by order and rotation (rotation). Such groups of atoms can be arranged up or down (position), as well as in different orders (such as letters NA and AN), which changes the body, making it different. And although Democritus could not convey the laws of modern biochemistry, but from this science we know that, effectively, there are two separate organic substances, for example, two polysaccharides And, to remain in the order in which their molecules were formed. The great diversity of protein compounds depends on the order of dissolution of amino acid molecules in them, and the number of possible combinations when combined is practically endless. Fundamental particles of matter, which originated from Democritus, were accompanied by the singing world of power of the atom, molecule, microparticle, chemical element and various folded parts.
The atoms were revealed to be of the same size as the vagina that lay in their skull. The democritus will be on the way to this understanding, recognizing the vital importance of atoms, which, depending on the dimensions, can be important or light. So, for example, with the lightest atoms of the fire, the most powerful and smooth atoms of the fire were ignited, which formed the wind, as well as the soul of man.
The shape and size of atoms is associated with the so-called “mathematical atomism” of Democritus. A number of ancient Greek philosophers (Pythagoras, Eleans, Anaxagoras, Leucippus) were engaged in mathematical research. The most important mathematical mind was, without doubt, Democritus. Proto-Democratic mathematics emerged as a form of underground mathematics. Together with Aristotle, she “loved mathematics.” Vaughn was grounded in atomistic concepts. Agreeing with Zeno, that the completeness of space is endlessly carried to the point of absurdity, to the point of being transformed into zero values, from which nothing can be caused, Democritus reveals his indivisible atoms. Yet the physical atom has not escaped the mathematical point. Like Democritus, the atoms varied in size and shape, some were larger, others were smaller. Keep in mind that the atoms are sand-like, anchor-like, short, rough, and curved - otherwise the stench wouldn’t accumulate one after another. The democrat is aware that atoms are inseparable physically, but even thought, parts can be seen in them - points that, of course, cannot be moved, they do not move their legs, but they are also lingering. This is not zero, but a minimal value, an indivisible, obvious part of the atom - “amera” (bezchastkova). According to various evidences (among them is the description of the so-called “Democritus Square” by Giordano Bruno), the found atom had 7 dimensions: top, bottom, left, right, front, back, middle. There was mathematics, suitable for the data of a sensitive understanding, as they said that, although the physical body was small, for example, an invisible atom, such parts (sides) can be detected in anyone, it is impossible to divide thoughts into infinity.
From extended points Democritus becomes extended lines, their planes. The cone, for example, like Democritus, is made up of very thin circles parallel to the base, which are barely caught through their thinness. Thus, along the lines of a folded line, which is accompanied by a proof, Democritus discovers a theorem about the volume of a cone, which is the third volume of a cylinder with the same base and equal height; That's how we discovered the pyramid. It’s a shame to have learned (and even otherwise) The authors, as they say about the views of Democritus, have little understanding of his mathematics. Aristotle and the advent of mathematics were abruptly thrown out and were forgotten. Some contemporary descendants note the importance of atoms and Americans in Democritus, or they respect that Democritus respected indivisible atoms both physically and theoretically; But the remaining thought leads to too great losses. The atomic theory of mathematics began, and it arose over the year at the school of Epicurus.
Atoms are infinite in number, the number of changes in atoms is so infinite (various), “for there is no reason why they were so much less different.” This principle (no more so, no less), which in literature is called the principle of indifference or diversity, characteristic of the Democratic explanation of the Universe. With this help it was possible to overcome the inconsistency of the flow, space and time. According to Democritus, the discovery of untreated atomic forms implies an infinite diversity of the direct flows and fluidity of the primary atoms, and therefore has its own way to bring about their tensions and closure. Well, all light creation is determined and is a natural inheritance of the eternal flow of matter.
Ionian philosophers have already spoken about the eternal ruin. Eternal Russia has light, because its wisdom has a living essence. The diet of the Democrat is absolutely different. Its atoms are not spiritualized (the atoms of the soul are no longer connected to the body of a creature or a person). The eternal flow of atoms is made, formed, united, separated, moved and dropped atoms in a cob-like whirlwind. Moreover, the atoms sway their first hand, without shouting in utterances: “shake in everyone’s face” or “vibrate.” The rest of the understanding is buv excused; I didn’t mention Epicurus, if he converted the Democratic theory to the flow of atoms, introducing the concept of a sufficient evolution of atoms in a straight line.
The atomistic picture of the world is awkward, but also grandiose. The hypothesis about the atomic future speech was a science for its principles and the most consequential from everything created by philosophers before. She introduced in the highest order the bulk of religious and mythological phenomena about the supernatural light, about the gift of gods. In addition, the picture of the collapse of atoms in the light empty, their condensation and consolidation is the simplest model of causal interaction. The determinism of atomists became the antipode of Plato’s teleology. The Democratic picture of the world, for all its shortcomings, is already a clear expression of materialism, such a philosophical light-headedness was in the minds of old as much as possible opposite to the mythological light-headedness.
The ancient Greek philosopher Democritus was born around 460 BC. e. near Thrace, near the town of Abdera. Previously there, the Ancient Greeks tied the appearance of the place with Hercules, as a bet in honor of his best friend Abdera, torn apart by the conquests of Diomedes.
Biographical information
Unfortunately, the biography of the Democrat has a lot of white spots. Apparently, his father was a high-ranking official, who was famous for his services to him. For this, the ruler gave the nobles a number of magicians and princes. They themselves began to illuminate Democritus. Even as a child I learned astrology and theology. Dying, Father commanded the camp to his three sons. Democrat was the youngest of them and took the smallest part.
The boy became obsessed with science and wasted little time on his homework, practically losing all his respect on everyday problems and wasting it. The whole thing consists of various investigations and the costs associated with them. Often he sits endlessly at his altanza, in fact, in isolation from the fact that the call is coming. Democritus was a long-liver. Vin died approximately 370 BC. That is, we are getting old. The ancient Greek scribe Lucian (also interested in cosmology) wrote that the thinker lived over a hundred years.
Vchennya about atoms
The best biography of Democritus is revealed by the fact that this ancient descendant himself developed a theory about the found particle - the atom. This theory was laid down by his teacher Leucippus. Democritus continued the research of the ancient Greek philosopher and his conclusion that the whole world is made up of microscopic atoms. These parts do not fade and do not collapse, the stench takes a singing form and is impenetrable. The cream of atoms is still empty, as it contains the entire surface. These two matters were the main objects of devotion to Democritus. The ancient Greek doctrine has developed the idea that all speech is composed of an undiagnosed number of different parts, which, moreover, also signify the power of the whole. Due to the interaction of atoms and their flow into people’s sense organs, the nature of objects and speeches changes. Concepts such as color and relish appear less often in our knowledge, but in reality they are empty.
Atoms cannot roll one after another - there is space between them. And this means that it is empty. The atomistic belief of Democritus included the concepts of the formation and attraction of particles, which came one to one at a very close distance. All these new wines are considered to be a let-down. Now science has confirmed his thesis.
Superechka with eleates
The philosopher Democritus became an opponent of the Eleatic school. The stench declared that the world was indestructible. Democritus hanging his neck. This can be said from the view of nutrition: “Since the world is indestructible, then how can one explain all the changes that are taking place?” Atomism is like opponents and ardent friends. For example, the future was supported by Plato and Epicurus.
The biography of Democritus and his theses aroused new interest at the time of the European Revival of the 16th century, when many people tried to explain the world of the revolution. Atomism was encouraged by Galileo, Giordano Bruno, Pierre Gassenly, Isaac Beckmann and other leading thinkers of the era. The knowledge about the microscopic parts of everything that exists has become a reliable help for chemists, for example for
The principle of inosomia
The atomistic philosophy of Democritus gave philosophy the principle of alienation. This was derived by the ancient descendant himself. It can be formulated as follows: if it is obvious that one does not respect the principles and laws of nature, then it is too early to get lost or else there is little space.
The principle of isonomia allowed the creation of a number of innovations, which were followed by Democritus. The main ideas of this theory lie in several theses. First of all, atoms can be of any size or shape. In another way, Velika Porozhnecha is dreaming. Thirdly, it collapses the faceless atoms that are disrupted by fluidity and directly. This process does not follow the same rules. Everything is collapsing into chaos and disorder. From this very beginning, the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus learned about the uniqueness of the skin or object. Already in the new hour of the great teachings, Galileo formulated the principle of inertia. There is a lot to be gained from what we know about ozonomy.
Velika Poroznecha
The concept of the Great Empty One has little great influence on the development of cosmology. The biography of the philosopher Democritus inspired many philosophers who tried to explain the place of our world in the Cosmos (this term also has a Greek root).
Today, after atomic ceremonies, for the first few hours the Great Empty One was in chaos. This one has developed a cowlick, which bears the important lightness of the body, which later became different. The Earth appeared at the center. There was a boule folded with important bodies, which rushed into the core of the cowlick. From the speech that was lost, a dry spittle was created that strengthens the space from the Great Empty.
Theses about Svitobudova
Democritus (physics and natural sciences laid down by himself) was a proponent of the theory about those that exist without any influence from all worlds and worlds. The stench is endless and radically different from one another. In other worlds there are only a handful of suns and months. Here they are absent, but only an analogue of the Earth in the original cosmos. The world's activities are collapsing and collapsing. This multiplicity stems from the principle of ozonomy. All these theses were formulated and expressed by the philosopher Democritus. The biography of the thinker includes various studies in natural sciences.
The deyaks were pardoned. For example, Democritus took into account that the Earth is indestructible (as it is in the center of the world). Moreover, the thinker thought that our planet cannot be round. He explained that this time the Sun would have come differently (according to the sound of a stake, and not an uninterrupted straight line).
Cosmology
The biography (many monographs have been written about Democritus) reveals the scientist’s astonishing insights. So, it’s clear that the Chumatsky Way in the sky is nothing more than a colossally purchased star. Through those on the great road between them which merges into one plain, a marvelous picture emerges above the heads of the Greeks. The democrat has added a lot of force to the central force. In his work, you can learn the thesis about those who will never see meteorites or other celestial bodies fall on Earth.
Vibrazhennya at Dzherelakh
The most remarkable thing about the biography of the physicist Democritus is that none of his writings has survived to this day. This can be explained with a number of reasons. The reason for this was that the monuments of antiquity had not been erected until the early Middle Ages. The treatises and books of Democritus were acquired in vain under the sanction of the Church, but were preserved in the greedy minds of modern libraries.
In fact, science and philosophy can only operate on such facts as were reflected in other scholars who contradict the ancient Greek thinker. Riddles about Democritus appear in Aristotle, Cicero, Sextus, Epicurus, Plato, etc.
Most often among the Dzherelas the name “Great World Buddhism” appears. This work of Democritus was dedicated to cosmology. You are trying to sum up the implications of all your scientific activities. In addition, Democritus is known as the creator of one of the first ancient Greek calendars. Without scratching the veins and geometry, it will lose its ability to work. Zokrem, who was the first to formulate the theorem and rules for determining the area of figures.
We already know how many atoms there are among the ancient Greeks, and what the science of our time has been studying in atoms, and what the science of our time has contributed to the concept of the atom and the elementary parts. For science of the 18th century. Atoms, however, are identical, point-like masses that collapse behind the laws of mechanics. The current concepts of “chemical power” and “reactionary creation” were impossible to understand in the system of Greek atomism. The theory of the natural structure of speech, which is grounded in daily physical chemistry, has nothing in common with the ancient wisdom of the form, and the statement about the “chemical bond” would have been lost to the foolish Greek scientist. Well, atoms - forms that eternally collapse in endless emptiness - this is the hidden basis of all ancient atomism.
The creators of the first atomistic theory in ancient Greece are Leucippus (from the 5th century BC) and Democritus (about 460 - 370 BC) - a native of the Thracian port of Abdera. The democrat has developed the value and expanded knowledge to all areas. For the many ancient Greek philosophers, Democritus was the vision of a scientist, a theorist, an investigator, who gave precedence to the truthless search for truth to all the blessings of life. This life is known to us from numerous accounts and legends. One of the legends says that the philosopher blinded himself so that he could see the ruins of invisible atoms and not be attracted by the deceptive visions of the outer world. The democrat had already greatly increased in price, gaining knowledge of various subjects, conducting research in geometry, medicine, astronomy and grammar. Your TV series “Small Diakosmos” will finish 420 rub. BC e. Here the foundations of the atomistic theory were laid out in connection with theories of the movement of the world and the Earth. Democritus accepted three basic postulates (atomy, empty and earth) as the cobs that explained physical phenomena. Once with Democritus, it is no longer possible to say why this is so and not otherwise. We have to take this from the beginning, just as geometry accepts certain unprovable axioms in order to be able to deduce numerical theorems from them.
“The cob of the whole world is atom and empty... - this is how one of the later Greek writers conveys to us the devotion of Democritus. – And nothing is to blame for nothing, nothing is to blame for nothing. І atoms untreated for the dimensions of greatness and for the innocence; the stench floats around the world, swirling around the whirlwind, and in this manner everything becomes more popular: fire, water, wind, earth”1. The Roman writer Cicero recognizes that the democrite atoms, “inexorably inherited from the hardness of the body, rush around in an endless empty space, in which there is no top, no bottom, no middle, no end, no edge, Why should atom rush around in empty space in such a manner that Finally, the stench disappears among themselves, which is why all those who smell it are blamed. This river of atoms may have mercy on those who do not eat the cob, but remain eternally.”
It is now time to create a diagram that will help you easily explain everything that is found in the world. Let us turn off from the ruin of atoms whether there is insignificance or randomness. Otherwise it will not be possible to deduce (explain) these other phenomena from the ruins of atoms. The democrat noted that although the structure of atoms is chaotic, in this chaos there is only one reason for changing the structure of an atom - the connection of it with another atom. If it were possible to quilt the paths of the atom and know all the ruins that would come as a successor to such problems, then it would be easy to transfer everything that would become available to the world. Therefore, the world cannot have anything out of the ordinary, and we can overcome the necessary awareness of any “intimidating” world. So, “if any resident of the place of Abderi, having died because of an eagle, having flown by for an hour, having let a turtle fall on his head, Democritus felt the strangeness of this life. Having said that it was necessary at this moment to leave the house of the people, it was necessary for the eagle to starve and go hungry for food, so that the sun, which was chilling before sunset, illuminated the fox crossing and visible "The eyes of the eagle that flew by, mistook a fox for a stone and threw a turtle to break its shell."
This system explained how things could be in the world. Therefore, Democritus seems to be that he was “important to better know one explanation of the cause, and to obtain the Persian throne for himself.” Blind fate, which does not reconsider its own goals, and does not know anything about human goals, shines with light. The same thing has always been done by later thinkers, and we will continue to do so in order to eliminate this foundation from other atoms.
Just as visible irregularities are the result and manifestation of invisible necessity, the diversity of sensitive enemies can, like Democritus, be explained on the basis of the doctrine of the union of atoms. On the right is that the atom itself is neither warm nor cold, it is without barbarity and without relish. The taste, the smell, the sound lie beneath the shape and transformation of atoms. Stinks
It is the result of the interaction of atoms, which comes from speech, and the atoms of the human body. Aristotle's teaching Theophrastus says: “Democritus, attributing shape to the taste of the skin, considers sweet taste to be round and of great size, and sour taste to be of great shape, short, rich and not round. The spicy taste - consistent with its name - is spicy behind the shape of its storage atoms, unclawed, curved, narrow and non-round. The acidic taste is round, thin, lingering and crooked. Salty relish - indescribable, great, curved and equal-thighed. Gorky - round, smooth, has a curvature, small in size. Fat – narrow, round and small.”
The very peculiarities of the shape of atoms in different species lead to a variety of jaundice. Small, round, easily crumbling atoms of fire penetrate everywhere, consume everything, burst into flames (and thus cause a burning pain to the human body). The great, important and indestructible atoms of the earth are fragile, powerful and easily stick together in one pile. The atoms may be crooked, anchor-like, clumsy, bent, convex, etc.
“The edges of their forms, the atoms, according to Democritus, are separated by positions, either by rotation, for example, letters E and Ш (letter SH comes out of E by turning 90 °), and by order or by interfreezing, such as AB and VA . The figure, position and order are the three main elements of the different shapes of objects that can emerge when atoms are united in the folding structure of real bodies. The alignment of atoms with letters, and the creation of the impersonality of real bodies with atoms from added words and texts (for example, tragedy or comedy) from a small number of unrelated letters - more precisely, deeply reasonable leveling; It is often used by atomists to explain their basic ideas. The best way to talk about this is in his poem “On the Nature of Speeches” by the Roman atomist Lucretius:
So in our verses, steadily, as you may note, the impersonality of words is composed of the impersonality of letters of the same type,
But both verses and words, as you undoubtedly know, differ among themselves, both in place and in sound.
Bachish, as the literature is stronger with just one change in order.
As for the peppercorns, the stink of the kostivs is even stronger, so that different speeches appear from them.
So, for help, the atomic writer Democritus tries to read the book of nature. Since there are a lot of atoms, and the smell is powerful, the important and powerful body is due; Rarely dissolved atoms create a light and soft body. The discharging of atoms is perceived as warming, while condensation is perceived as cooling.
The Democrat accepts the following basic colors: white, black, red and green, which can be complemented by any other color or shade. The fragments of the skin simple color are indicated by similar atoms, the analysis of the color composition of the body can be distinguished as a way of analyzing the atomistic composition of the body - as a result of our spectral analysis.
Bodies that have once dissolved, for example the Sun, the Month, the Earth, can last for many hours and days alone. Thus, with the advent of sleepy warmth, the earth’s biology began, according to Democritus, fermentation and rotting, as a result of which the first growths were established, and then also living organisms.
There is little evidence of what to say from the one who the Democritus thought to explain with a similar atomistic hypothesis how life, and the soul, and the mind, and the messages of the gods themselves, who dreamed of them as the most underground, naybi The most stable and the most beautiful atom accumulation.
This is how the first picture of the world emerges on the basis of an atomistic concept, a picture of the ever-loose, earthy fabric of clothes and things that fold and change chimerically in endless swirling, gossiping, eating and rose. These are absolutely solid and immutable, geometrically correct bodies. A picture that recalls the endless flow of snowflakes, the instantaneous flow of powder in the sunny lane, as Lucretius describes it:
The axis marveled: immediately, when the sleepy permeation penetrates into our asses and the darkness cuts through with its exchanges, The facelessness of small bodies in the empty space, you will see, blinking, rushing here and there in the permeable light; Because of the eternal struggle, the stinks fight in battles and battles, In battle they rush through the paddocks, not knowing peace, either converging, or constantly scattering again. You can tell from whom, how innocently the beginning of speeches has an empty, intangible mint. So about great speeches, small speeches help to understand the meaning of great speeches, the paths that are intended for their understanding.
However, this is still more, a less poetic image. This picture, behind its physical mechanism, is, as we know, a picture of the Brownian ruch, and for a similar reason the reality of atoms was brought up in the 19th century. It’s amazing that the reality has already dawned on Lucretia:
Know this: when the beginning of the conversation begins, the beginnings of speeches begin to crumble,
Next to them are bodies from the most recent acquaintance. Close ones, so to speak, within the strength of the first cobs, They are taken from them by tearing off the clothes, they begin to bend, Themselves to the ruk then choking the bodies more, So, emerging from the soil, the ruk little by little Ours begins to feel and becomes visible so f We are covered in powder, Why are they crumbling in the sleepy light, I want strange things like this.
Although we don’t find such wisdom in Democritus himself, we can also draw a picture of the collapse of powder in the market for wine.
Do you remember that for Democritus one point is even more important in a reasonable atom, and the atom itself is a body with an ideal geometric shape.
Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Education
“National Pre-Slednytsia University “MEI” near Smolensk.
Department of Humanities
ABSTRACT OF PHILOSOPHIES
MORE ATOMISTIC TO DEMOCRITUS
2nd year student
groupie: PE2-12
Kuzmina A.A.
Vikladach:
Shcherov V.I.
Smolensk, 2013
Plan:
1. Enter
2. Democrat as a historical peculiarity. Biography.
3. Atomistic tribute to Democritus.
4. Pratsi ta vchennya.
4.1. The principle of isonymy.
4.2. Cosmolology
5. Democritus about the essence of the human soul. Etika.
6. Democritus about the gods.
7. Contributions to other sciences.
9. Visnovok.
10. List of references.
Antiquity is the era of the founding of two European partnerships, ancient Greek and ancient Roman, from the end of the 7th century. BC up to VI Art. Not. According to some descendants, philosophy as a system of knowledge arose in antiquity itself.
Ancient philosophy has similarities with other philosophical systems. The first Greek philosophers tried to understand the essence of nature, the cosmos, so they were called “physicists” from the very beginning. In contrast to the ancient philosophy, for which the central problem was the search for nobles to liberate people from suffering, for the ancient European philosophy, the main problem was the search for a feather. And in contrast to mythology, in which the problem also arises initially, it is seen not in the genetic aspect (who gave birth to whom?), but in the substantial aspect (how did it all happen?).
In the development of ancient philosophy, one can, with some degree of intelligence, see the main stages. Among them we will look at the first one, which grows during the period from V-IIV to star. e. This period is called Pre-Socratic, and the philosophers are called Pre-Socratics. To this stage belong the philosophy of the Milesian school, Heraclitus of Ephesus, the Eleatic school, Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans, ancient Greek atomists (Leucippus and Democritus).
V-IIV centuries BC e. - This is the era of internal development of the Greek powers. The growth of new places, the enjoyment of a happy life in the Greek powers, which was in progress, brought with them a further development of ancient science and materialistic philosophy.
Philosophy was still seen as a single, undifferentiated knowledge, having been reinforced by religion, mythology, and specific sciences. At this time, the main philosophical concepts and categories were formed, and the main philosophical directions were developed.
The remaining and most thorough creation, which was given by the ancient Greek philosophy of nature, called atomism. In antiquity, it was the main manifestation of the materialistic view of the world. The traditional appreciation of ancient atomism is associated with the names of Democritus, an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Leucippus, one of the founders of atomism.
DEMOCRITES(Lat. Demokritos, Greek Demokritos) was born in the city of Abdera near Thrace. The date of its birth in antiquity was consistent with the following: from Apollodorus - 460/57, from Thrasyllus, a witness to the works of Democritus, confirmed by doxography, - 470.
The Democrat came from a wealthy homeland. This is according to the legend, which is transmitted by Diogenes Laertius, which began with some magicians and Chaldeans, who were given by the Persian king Xerxes to Father Democritus for treating the Persian army that passed through Thrace with dinner. After his death, Father Democritus conquered Persia and Babylon, India and Egypt. Every hour I live in Athens, listening incognito to Socrates; perhaps, having clashed with Anaxagoras.
After trembling mandrivos, Democritus turned to Abderiv. The dearness of Democritus and his particular connections with philosophers and prominent figures of the lowly world, in an extremely melodious way, hid the guilt of such a thoroughly materialistic system at that time, which was the birth of Democritus. In Abdera, having established a law, every giant is responsible for multiplying what he got from the recession, and if a giant violated this law, then such a giant was kicked out. The democrats will quickly spend all their money and thus encourage expulsion. Behind the words of Antisthenes, Democritus, in order to avoid punishment, having read at the trial his most beloved work - “The Great World Buddhism”. It was valued at the same amount as the decline of Democritus, and for some money it was five times more - 500 talents. The democritus was venerated with copper statues, for his activity they gave him away, for the sake of the place he was given the nickname “Wisdom”. It is not known exactly at what hour, but perhaps, if Fatherlandism fell into trouble, he was made an archon, and for his services he was given the title “Patriot”.
The way of life of Democritus, however, seemed to the Abderites to be unreasonable: they steadily left their places, hovering on the tsvintars, where far from the bustle of the city, going to thoughts; Sometimes Democritus, for no apparent reason, burst out laughing, so funny did people's inquiries into the great world order seem to be (from the name of the Philosopher, who laughs).
The people of Spain recognized Democritus as divine and then asked the famous physician Hippocrates for a second examination, who was in agreement with the philosopher, and also praised that Democritus was absolutely healthy, both physically and mentally. Having also confirmed that Democritus is one of the most intelligent people I have ever met spilkuvatsya. From the scientist of Democritus, the most famous Bion of Abdera.
Democritus would like to share the sovereign's treasure in his native city. About the courage of the Spivgorodians before Democritus, an old Abdera coin with the coat of arms of the place and the inscription “Under Democritus” can be seen.
A number of authors report that the friend of his youth and first listener than Democritus was Protagoras. In his youth, Protagoras did not study, but carried on carrying cats and firewood, which, according to the testimony of Helius, led to his acquaintance with Democritus: “... suddenly Democritus... moved beyond the borders, having beaten Protagoras, when he easily and quickly ishov with important and insignificant significance. The democrat will come even closer, looking at the unraveling and joining of the fields, crafted expertly and with a perfect hand, and asking ... for Protagoras to loosen the knitting and clasp again in this manner.” Tse prohannya bulo vikonan. The democrat is intoxicated by the intimacy and warmth of this unilluminated people. Democritus immediately revived Protagoras, taking him to himself, acknowledging his place and teaching him philosophy, and making him such as he would be.”
Most importantly, this is a legend. First of all, because Protagoras was 10-11 years older than Democritus. In other words, Protagoras was “unsanctified.” And yet, it’s not entirely a guess. He wanted to point out to Protagoras as a teacher and listener of Democritus, and about his poverty to speak of the fact that he was guilty of resorting to a paid deposit; This gave birth to the activity of the sophists - the professional readers of Greece. Those who are highly favored by Protagoras with Democritus have no doubts.
In the future, the paths of Protagoras and Democritus diverged. At that time, when Democritus had risen in price at the Gathering, having accumulated new knowledge, Protagoras had already laid out. In the rumors about Democritus, one repeating detail attracts attention among many listeners, but it cannot be a coincidence: Democritus is put down to physical activity. We fully accept that a poor man or a worthless slave can become a distinguished philosopher, and he will actively accept this.
From his very youth, from his middle age, the Democrat embraced Hellenic philosophy. Since his natural-scientific views were shaped by the influx of the Ionians, then the list of his “moral” creations is called “Pythagoras”. It is traditionally believed that the greatest and greatest influence on the formation of the views of Democritus was the work of the philosopher Leucippus. Democritus became his teacher, adopted the new one and further developed the atomistic system. The person of Leucipus is mysterious and controversial - very little evidence has been lost about him, and Epicurus, a direct proponent of atomism, declared, according to the testimony of Diogenes Laertius, that the philosopher Leucipus did not exist. From this drive, at the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a fire broke out among classical philologists and historians of philosophy. The “Nursing of Leucippus” has long been divided into opponents and supporters of the fact of the founding of Leucippus. At this time, most of the followers became aware of his reality. As we know, the most important aspect of the history of Greek philosophy is the work of Aristotle. His closest scholar, Theophrastus, was the author of books about Democritus, which, unfortunately, were not saved. Aristotle writes about the devotion of Leucippus the Democritus as about a single devotion, but he does not get to the beginning of the philosophical path of Leucippus and not to the specific galoozy of science, de Leucippus having continued and surpassed the teaching, which has overshadowed the glory of the reader.
The very name of Democritus is associated with the recognition of atomism as a universal philosophical philosophy, which includes physics and cosmology, epistemology, psychology and ethics; The idea is a synthesis of the problems of the three oldest philosophical schools of Greece: Milesian, Eleanian and Pythagorean.
Atomistic happiness.
Continuing the line of his predecessors - Leucippus, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Democritus, having created a doctrine about the “atom” - an inseparable part of the speech that is true to the true butts, that does not collapse and does not fall (atomistic material izm).
Zgіdno with Democritus, Vsesvіt – whole matter, atoms of speech (butya – to on, to den) and empty (to unden, to meden); The rest is as real as the reality. The atoms that are always collapsing, uniting, creating all speeches, their separation leading to the death and ruin of the rest. The concept introduced by atomists is empty as if it has little deep philosophical significance. The category of non-butt did not make it possible to explain the guilt and change of speeches. True, with Democritus both but and not fulfilled the order, okremo: the atoms were the bearers of multiplicity, the empty ones were the ones of unity; Whose theory was metaphysical. Aristotle insists that “the same eternal body is sometimes rare, sometimes hardened,” however, a change in quality is not just a simple connection and separation. But at the present time of science, he could not give this proper explanation, at that time as Democritus conclusively argued that the reason for this phenomenon is the change in the number of atomic empty pumps. The concept of empty fuel led to the understanding of space and inconsistency. "buttya . . The infinite number of atoms resembles the infinite space - empty.
However, this does not mean that Democritus began to feel the lucidity of the transformation; however, the stench played an important role in his picture. The purposes of the world are transformed into others. Around the speeches are being reinvented, since the eternal atoms and the impossible knowledge of anonymity give rise to new speeches. Reinvention occurs as a result of the collapse of the old whole, the separation of atoms, which become a new whole.
Together with Democritus, atoms inseparable (atomos - “individual”). These are different bodies, inseparable from the same reason for which Parmenides’ “buttya” is inseparable: the division conveys the appearance of the empty, but in the middle of the atoms behind the designated ones there is no empty. The atoms are recognized as having not faded, not perishing, not worn out, not collapsing to the point of any influx, they are absolutely powerful and do not stain physical parts. But in your dry bodies the stench becomes so strong that between them you lose even the minimum amount of empty space; In these spaces between the atoms lies the consistency of the body. The atoms differ among themselves in terms of shape, the order of mutual straightening, and the appearance of empty space, and in size and lie in the size of heaviness. Apparently, Epicurus came up with the idea about the atomic bomb. Prote Democritus was on the way to this understanding, recognizing the vitality of atoms, which, depending on the dimensions, can be important or light. With the lightest atoms, the most powerful and smooth fists of the atoms of the fire that become the world, as well as the soul of the people.
The cream is a sign of the Borough of Olives and the power of the Pythagorean “boundaries” looms. The skin atom, surrounded by a soft surface, has an unchanging geometric shape, is transformed simply on a geometric body, which is also harmless, eternal and does not have any physical influences. . However, empty, as “boundless”, it is not surrounded by anything and the most important signs of a true bottle-form are removed. Vaughn stands as the principle of discreteness, impersonality in the flow of atoms, and as such a “container”. Calling it “non-butts”, Democritus was clearly inspired by the Elephant postulate about the non-foundation of non-beings, the concept of butt and non-beings included in the new more underground concept of “those who are true”, so who knows the reality and the pose is empty (non-being). The atom is in the row: buttya, shos (neologism of Democritus), body, fullness. The usage of the semantic series “atom”, in this order, is as follows: buti – means buti chimos, buti chimos – means buti tіlom, buti tіlom – means buti povnym (shinnym). Emptyness is associated with the concepts: nebuttya, nіscho ("zero"), inconsistency. Atoms and lesser ones stand on an equal footing, “no more than anything”, less than “nothing” - this principle of “isonomia” (equality) is universal in the Democritus system.
Atomi just can't seem to grasp it. The stench is similar to powder that floats in the wind, and is unnoticeable in its very small size, until the sun falls on it, which has penetrated through the window into the living room. Ale atomi nabagato menshe cikh poroshin; Just forget your thoughts, your mind may realize that there is no hope. The stench is also incompatible with the fact that it does not carry the most sensitive sensations - smell, color, relish, etc.
The democritus also sensed the infinite genuineness of matter. As if there were no atoms, the process of any physical body would be endless, and we would take away one end river, which consists of an infinite number of parts, which is absurd.
The democrat is aware that atoms crumble chaotically, collide and result in a variety of forms, sizes, positions and orders, either collapsing or scattering. The unions that have settled down are shaking at once and in such a manner the guilt of folding bodies is vibrating.
The Rukh itself is power, natural power over atoms. A solid is a combination of atoms. The diversity of bodies is due to the diversity of their storage atoms, and the difference in the order of folding, as from the same letters themselves different words are formed.
When atoms are brought close to each other at very small distances between them, forces begin to flow. At the same time, there is a mutual attraction between atoms based on the principle of “like attracts like.”
The various components of bodies are determined by the powers of atoms, their combination and the interaction of atoms with our sensory organs. “In truth, the Duma has color, the Duma has licorice, the Duma has bitters, but in truth there is both atom and empty.”
So even Democritus, respectfully, that all the visible components arise from the union of atoms, which we do not understand, accept them, in nature there is nothing white, black, yellow, or red, neither bitter nor licorice. All the fruits, according to Democritus, are reduced to the formally coarse forms of atoms: the body, which is composed of “round and immensely large” atoms, appears sweet, and from “rounded, smooth, oblique and small in size” - gir Kim, etc. . On the right, in this case, “zagalom” for him means the same thing, “with a sacred thought” and “for us,” and not because of the nature of the speeches themselves; The nature of the speeches themselves is expressed in his own words by the expression “right”, having consolidated the term into the word “deysne”, which means “right”.
The whole meaning of this very anniversary may be like this: No matter what people recognize as white, black, sweet, bitter and everything else of their kind, truly everything is “what” and “nothing.” And here I know yogo vyslovi, calling the atoms “scho”, and the empty ones – “nischo”.
With the shape and size of the atoms of the bonds, nutrition is about about the atoms, or “the mathematical atomism of Democritus.” Democratic mathematics was undermined as it was adopted illegally. Together with Aristotle, she “loved mathematics.” Vaughn focused on anatomical concepts. Agreeing with Zeno, that the completeness of space is endlessly carried to the point of absurdity, to the point of being transformed into zero values, from which nothing can be caused, Democritus reveals his indivisible atoms. Yet the physical atom has not escaped the mathematical point. Behind Democritus, the atoms were small in different sizes and shapes, figures, some were larger, others were smaller. We assume that the atoms are sand-like, anchor-like, short, rough, curved - otherwise they wouldn’t fit together one after another. The democrat is aware that the atoms are inseparable physically, although thoughts can be seen in them parts - points that cannot be retracted, they do not wash their hands, but the stench is still lingering. This is not a zero, but a minimal value, an incomparable, visible part of the atom - “Amera”. Based on various comparisons, each atom had this number: top, bottom, left, right, front, back, middle. There was mathematics, suitable for the data of a sensitive understanding, as they said that, no matter how little the physical body was - for example, an invisible atom - such parts in something can be detected in the future, it is impossible to divide thoughts into infinity. The long points of Democritus become long lines, and they become planes. The cone, for example, behind Democritus, is made up of the finest measures, which are sensitive to their subtlety, parallel to the base. Thus, along the lines of a folded line, which is accompanied by a proof, Democritus discovered a theorem about the volume of a cone, which is the third volume of a cylinder with the same base and equal height, so he himself discovered that I eat pyramids. Archimedes was offended when he learned. The authors, as they say about the views of Democritus, have little understanding of his mathematics. Aristotle and the advent of mathematics were abruptly thrown up, and he was forgotten. Some current investigators note the importance of atoms and Americans in Democritus or respect that Democritus respected atoms indivisibly both physically and theoretically, but the remaining thought leads to greater contradictions. The atomic theory of mathematics originated from the school of Epicurus.
The development of the world, the harmony of the world, everything is essentially determined (determined) by the mechanical movement of atoms. Therefore, in the Democratic system there is no place for the objective basis of “slipperiness”. And the “failure” itself is explained by the lack of causal explanation, ignorance of the causes of the singing phenomenon. In Democritus, like Diogenes Laertius, “everything is blamed on need: the reason for any guilt is a tuft, and this tuft is called necessity.” This concept of necessity is a legacy of the melodic metaphysical absolutization of causality, which is understood mechanically. (This very moment was the main subject of criticism of one of the prominent representatives of ancient atomism - Epicurus.) The democratic understanding of causality as an absolute necessity does not mean, as Aristotle advocated, nothing to do with teleology and direct It is itself opposed to the teleological interpretation of action. “The Democrat goes beyond talking about the meta and shifts everything that is vikoryist nature to the point of necessity.”
The relevance of this lies in the fact that in addition to all the ideas that have been floated up to now, the idea of an atom to hold itself, in addition to everything else, is the principle of the interdivisibility of matter: the atom is happy as a hire The most important part that acts as the output of the created and the remaining the unfolded speech element of existence. And this is a brilliant attack of thought on a fundamentally new level of philosophical understanding of existence.
Well, the essence of Democritus’s belief was reduced to two main provisions: 1. Atoms eternally collapse in their empty state. In relation to the atom, the place that wine occupies is completely random. 2. All speeches are made from the union of atoms: all the diversity of light flows from their connection and subsection. The atoms who stay with the stationary
The Russians unite and make speeches. When atoms become disorganized, speeches perish.
The principle of isonomy The main methodological principle of atomists is the principle of isonomy (literal translation from Greek: the equality of everyone before the law), which is formulated in the following order: if those other phenomena are possible and not to comply with the laws of nature, then it is necessary It is easy to assume that in a boundless hour there is in a boundless expanse either when the place is short, or when it is time: in infinity there is no limit between the possibility and the dream. This principle is also called the principle of availability of sufficient support: there is not enough support for the body to appear more quickly in one form or another. The star rises and rages, since this phenomenon can, in principle, appear in different forms, then all of them appear to be true. The democrat worked on a number of important principles from the principle of osonomy: 1) to discover atoms of all shapes and sizes (including the size of the whole world); 2) all straight lines and all points at the Great Empty Equal; 3) atoms collapse at the Great Empty in any direct way with any kind of speed. This remains even more important for the theory of Democritus. In essence, it means that the ruk itself does not require explanation, the reason for needing to find out only to change the ruk.
In fact, this is a clear statement of the principle of inertia - the basis of all modern physics. Galileo, who is often credited with inertia, clearly understood that the root principle of ancient atomism corresponds.
Cosmology.
Democritus, having decided on the date of confirmation, will arrange the All-World. We appreciate that the Great Emptiness is vastly vast. At the beginning of the chaos of atomic ruins, the Great Empty One spontaneously creates a whirlwind. The symmetry of the Great Empty appears destroyed in the middle of the vortex, where the center and periphery lie. Heavy bodies that settle at the cowlick tend to accumulate near the center of the cowlick. The difference between the easy and the important is not clear, but rather subtle, and this is where the essential progress lies.
Democritus explains the separation of speech in the middle of the vortex with the following principle: the important bodies of the vortex, which are pushed to the center of the vortex, lose their lungs, and they are deprived of those close to the vortex’s periphery. At the center of the light the Earth is formed, which is made up of the most important atoms. On the outer surface, the light appears as a reflection of dry spittle, which strengthens the space from the excessive Great Empty. As a result, the structure of the light is formed by the dispersion of atoms to the center of the vortex, the light of Democritus forms a spherically symmetrical structure.
Democritus is a proponent of the concept of the plurality of worlds. As Hipolit describes the views of the atomists: “The worlds are endless in number and are divided into one type according to size.
Stand between the worlds of not the same; In addition, in one place there are more lights, in another - less. Some lights will increase, others will reach full bloom, and others will change. In one place the light is fading, in another it is declining. The stench pervades, accumulating one after another. Every day of the world there are free creatures, plants and any kind of wolves.
The multiplicity of lights flows from the principle of ozonomy: if a process of any kind can occur, then in an endless space it will inevitably occur; those that are found in a given place at a given time may be found in other places at different times.
Such a rank, Yakshcho in the Tsomoma spaces of the vikhro -Lieuted Rukh Atomiv, Scho Divine to the formavny of the nashi, then the process of the same process in the same mszi, led to the formulants of the same. The lights that come out are not obligatory, however: there is no water supply so that the lights do not go out without a sun and a month or with three suns and ten months; Only the earth is a necessary element of the skin’s light (obviously, this is simply a meaning of this concept: as there is no central earth, it is no longer light, but simply the flow of speech).
Moreover, there are also many ways to prevent the creation of exactly the same world as ours in the vast expanse. All the worlds are collapsing in different directions, the fragments of equal directions and all directions are collapsing.
With whom the world can sit down and learn. Likewise, all moments of the hour are equal: just as the illumination of the world appears simultaneously, then here it may appear both in the past and in the future; Different worlds are in different stages of development. During the course of its collapse, the light, the illumination of which has not ended, can suddenly penetrate between the surface of the formed light and appear buried by it (this is how Democritus explained the movement of the heavenly bodies in our world).
The fragments of the Earth are at the center of the world, everything is directly in front of the center of equal rights, and there is no chance of collapsing in any direction (such thoughts about the causes of the Earth’s inconsistency were pursued by Anaximander). It is also true that, in the opinion of Democritus, the Earth initially moved in space, and over the course of time became denser.
However, he was not an adherent of the theory of the sticky Earth. The democritus made an offensive argument: if the Earth was in a cool state, then the sun, setting and descending, would move across the horizon along the arc of a stake, and not along a straight line, as is true. Naturally, this argument is impracticable from a mathematical point of view: the cutaneous diameters of the Sun and the horizon vary greatly, and this effect could only be noted in the event that the stench would have been even greater (for which, obviously, it would have been very large stand up Earth).
According to Democritus, the order of expansion was the following: Moon, Venus, Sun, other planets, stars (the world has a greater distance from the Earth). As far as the light has come before us, the world is collapsing even more (perfectly). Behind Empedocles and Anaxagoras, Democritus noted that the fall of celestial bodies to Earth is overcome by a subcenter force.
The democrat has a brilliant idea that Chumatsky Shlyakh is a blinding star, spread out on such a small platform of one kind, that their images are angry in one weak candle.
The soul of a person is that of the rosy Democritus. Etika.
The soul, like fire, is composed of smaller atoms of a round shape, and it gives the body warmth and strength (the body is the greatest strength of all figures). The democrat did not introduce any special distinctions between the soul and the mind, and also explained the mental process through the “development of images.” Sensibly, Democritus explained the additional “vitika” from the body: from the surface of the body flows a thin material fluid that takes the shape of the body, which is compressed, it penetrates through the eye into the soul, into Be inspired - this is how our manifestations appear.