The period of discharging the international voltage has ended. Discharging international tension. The period of “détente” in the foreign policy of the USSR

The 1970s have rocks. The tension between the Radyansky and Western blocs decreased; this process is commonly called “relaxation of international tension.” The USSR and the USA, embroiled in local conflicts in different parts of the world, demanded a change. In addition, the new Radian leader L.I. Brezhnev did not understand the shame of thoughtless initiatives beyond the boundaries of the “traditional” Radian sphere. In addition, the SRSR had already begun to perceive the backlog in the purchase of upcoming goods, and Zahid - from the Radian oil. The USSR overtook the United States in the nuclear sphere, and the Americans, having landed in 1969. on the Month, they demonstrated their love for food and space exploration. During this period, the bitterness of the crisis was felt by both blocs - NATO and the Allied Forces. (Romania occupied a special position in the Allied Forces, and France in the 1960s deprived the military organization of NATO of the military organization, Spain limited the activities of the American military forces in its country after the emergency landing three thermonuclear bombs over the Spanish village of Palomares in 1966) The NRF order revealed a readiness to find out integrity of the cordons of the Skhody.

The decline in international tension was replaced by unsafe moments of mutual confrontation. A new round of tension fell at the end of the 70s - the beginning of the 80s. The introduction of Radyan troops to Afghanistan marked the end of detente. The distillations resumed with renewed vigor. The Americans initiated the development of a space missile defense program, which led to the turbulence of the USSR, which did not have sufficient capabilities for warfare in space.

SALT I and ABM Treaties

The results of the 1970s a progressive relaxation of international tension begins - a policy aimed at directly reducing the aggressiveness of the socialist and capitalist countries. Back in 1967 Consultations were issued on the possibility of reducing the scope of the race, which ended with the signing of the SALT-1 (strategic arms exchange) and ABM (missile defense systems) agreements signed in 1972. They, the USSR and the USA, installed the maximum number of missile launchers, including naval ones. The SALT-1 Treaty is five years old, and the ABM Treaty is not subject to the same terms. The existing structure of the grouping of ground-based ballistic missiles was actually “frozen.” The countries have taken it upon themselves not to create more than two areas of missile defense (by avoiding those that cannot be protected by the world, their readiness to launch a nuclear strike will also decrease).

Narada for safety and health in Europe

The most important achievement of the “detente” was also the Narada for the safety and security of spivorobіtnitsa in Europe in 1975, which took place near the city of Helsinki. This culminated negotiations between the socialist camp and the Western countries, which began back in the 1960s. SRSR, and its allies were able to recognize the principle of inviolability of cordons (also, the territory of the Commonwealth of Europe, including the PDR), having learned the principle of human rights and the right to free exchange of information and contacts between people. In fact, the final act of the people (1 September 1975) was equivalent to the post-war peace treaty. In Moscow it was regarded as a triumph of Radian diplomacy, and 10 principles of the act were included in the text of the new Constitution of the SRSR of 1977.

9 International Newsletters in the 1950s–1960s pp. Crises in world politics since the 1960s. Cold war. Completion of WW2: authority and the purpose of the USSR, but in reality their purpose is not fixed. At 45 The United States outweighed the USSR fourfold from military power. The Radyansky bloc is extremely weakened economically and demographically. The USSR in foreign policy did not rely on real indicators, but for the glory of the military, the USA - for example, takes a significant place in the world economy. The space was more suitable for both blocks for internal development. Berezen 46g. – Churchill’s speech at Fulton: the decline of the world is threatened by the insecurities of the new world war – from the USSR. A “curtain” fell over all of Europe (this was supplemented by the Truman Doctrine). I'll go nuclear. 49 - NATO (defense and peacekeeping mission). With its own Soviet Socialist Republic, Bulgaria, Ugorshchina, PDR, Poland, Rumunia, Czechoslovakia, Albania in 55g. create the Allied Forces as a way to neutralize the threat to NATO. 49 - ROAR 47 The Marshall Plan would further divide the world. An important issue is German nutrition. At 49 image FRN, NDR. There was a Berlin crisis, when after the penny reform in western Berlin, it was blocked for 300 days, the world was between open war. 48-49. After the death of Stalin - a celebration in international affairs. 55 - Treaty with Austria after the withdrawal of all foreign troops from it. After the 20th anniversary of the CPRS 56. The dismantling of the “tight curtain” has begun. Sіchen 54 rub. - People's Council of Foreign Ministers of the USA, England, France and the USSR near Berlin. 55 - FRN Chancellor K. Adenauder arrived in Moscow. 59 - Khrushchev’s visit to the USA, they settled in Paris for 60 rubles, and just a few days before the battle the American spy gun U-2 was shot down. 61 - At the Vidnya sustrich Khrushchov and Kennedy. Information about installing telephone reception. 12 sickles 61 rub. 2 Berlin crisis, a wall has been erected around the outskirts of Berlin.

The 1970s have become part of the history of international trade as a period of tension release. The combination of countries with different socio-economic systems soon led to confrontation, and the ice of the “Cold War” began to fade.

The reasons for the detente were the outbreak of the Vietnam War, the military-strategic parity (jealousy) of the USSR, which reached the beginning of the 1970s, and the regulation of taxes from the Federal Reserve.

Born in 1969 The Social Democrats came to control of the FRN in an alliance with free democrats. The head of the SDPN, Willi Brandt, became the Chancellor of the FRN. He has completely changed the “similar policy” of his country: having become inspired by the revanchism of the large ruling coalition of the CDU-CSU, having recognized the military cordons of Europe.

12th sickle 1970 r. Moscow signed an agreement between the SRSR and the FRN on the regulation of bilateral connections. The principle of the Moscow Treaty was the requirement for parties from territorial nutrition. The NRF was formed as a claim to the territory of the great Prussian Empire, which became part of the USSR in 1945. As the Kaliningrad region, it was ready to enter into agreements with the People's Democratic Republic, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. The grievances of the two sides tried to see how inviolable the infection and the cordons of all the countries of Europe were. Suddenly V. Brandt reached JI. I. Brezhnev will not get in the way of the peaceful union of the two Germans, which could lead to a friendly mind. The agreement will be ratified after the establishment of the four-sided land near Berlin.

The mutual agreement between the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France for Western Berlin was signed on November 3, 1971. Vaughn recognized his status as a “free place”, which did not belong to the FRN. The rest of the fire remains small for new political activity.

7 breast 1970 r. An agreement was signed between the PPR and the FRN, which remained the entry cordon of Poland. 21 breasts 1972 b. behind the agreement between the FRN and the PDR, the offending powers recognized one another as independent and sovereign. The coming fate was taken to the UN warehouse. 11th baby born 1973 An agreement was signed between the FRN and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, which was the re-enactment of the Munich Agreement on June 29, 1938. ineffective from the very beginning.

The agreement was established and the roads to the Trans-European region were cleared for the sake of safety and security in Europe, which became the most important international political movement of the 1970s. This call was transferred to the Program to the world, adopted by the XXIV Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (30 February – 9 April 1971).

Narada went through three stages and extended into two stages (1973–1975). The first stage, at the level of foreign ministers of 33 European powers, as well as the USA and Canada, which are closely connected with Europe, took place in Lipna in 1973. near the capital of Finland, Helsinki. Three groups of participating countries (Allied Forces, NATO, neutral countries) discussed draft documents with three “points”: safety, economics and humanitarian assistance.

Another stage, albeit on the level of experts, took place in Geneva from the spring of 1973. until Lipnya 1975 r. New projects have been finalized for basic documents.

30 lipnya C 1 sickle 1975 rub. in Helsinki the third and final stage took place - the people's meeting on the level. First in the post-war history of Europe, 35 powers sat down at one table, incl. The United States, Canada, and in the same situation signed the Final Act of the Helsinki Nation on the highest level.

The core of the Final Act and the main political document was the “Declaration of Principles”, which the participating powers committed to agree on mutual agreements. There were ten such principles: sovereign jealousy of powers; not zastosuvannya force or threaten with force; integrity of cordons; territorial integrity of powers; peacefully regulate the superechok; failure to comply with internal authorities; respect for human rights; equality of peoples; reciprocal spivobitis; The overall understanding of the law is due to international law.

Born in 1977 These principles were introduced before the Constitution of the USSR as the principles of the peaceful unification of powers with different systems.

After 1975 Meetings of representatives of 35 powers began to call it the Helsinki Process, or the revolution of the National Security Council (Narada for Security and Safety in Europe). Born in 1977-78 The Belgrade Zustrich was born, born in 1980-83. and 1985 r. - Madrid Zustrich, 1988-89 rubles. - Videnska zustrich. Vaughn praised the decision to transform the NBS into the OSCE, the Organization for Security and Defense in Europe.

Radyanskaya Kerivnitstvo valued the bags of the Helsinki people on the greatest level, not only as I will overcome the forces of peace and reason, but as a great victory for the USSR. Gelsinki-75 respected the logical completion of the Yalti-45 course, the “spirit of Yalti”. The leading capitalist regions recognized the SRSR as their sphere of influx into Central Europe. It seemed that the doctrine of “giving tribute to socialism” had become mischievous. However, the further development of international transactions showed that it was self-defeating. The fight against socialism and the influx of radians has no longer changed its form, it has become more subtle. In 1989-1991 pp. The allies of the United States in this struggle, paradoxically, it would seem, were the leaders of the USSR and the RRFSR.

The Helsinki People's Assembly became a symbol of the easing of international tensions in the 1970s. The Radian-American agreements became an important warehouse distribution

Please, sign up for the hour of renewal of partners on the highest level. The first of them was in Moscow during the hour of the official visit of US President Richard Nixon to the Radyansky Union on May 22-30, 1972. These provisions were enshrined in ten separate documents, first in the “Fundamentals of mutual relations between the Union of Radian Socialist Republics and the United States of America” signed by JI.

I. Brezhnev and R. Nixon. “Fundamentals” regulated issues in the world and security within the UN, in the world of disunion, and also transmitted the development of political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural connections between the two countries.

Born in 1972 The first agreement on the exchange of strategic armor (SALT-1) was established, which, having installed a stele, was otherwise impossible to build up strategic offensive armor (intercontinental ballistic missiles, missiles on submarines, strategic nor bombers). At the same time, an agreement was established on missile defense (BMD). With this document, the USSR and the United States secured the right to create two missile defense zones in areas of vital importance to them.

Born in 1974 Before the ABM agreement, an additional protocol was signed, which would reduce the number of such zones to one side of the skin. The USA took the base of important intercontinental ballistic missiles from Grand Forks, and the USSR took Moscow, too. The US government was determined to cover up the attack, and the USSR government was trying to protect the million-dollar capital. Prote 1987 across the entire zone without crossing, with the suspicious ease of flying and landing on the Chervonoya Ploshcha, the incoming German “amateur” pilot M. Rust.

In 1974 and 1976, the USSR and the United States signed two agreements on nuclear testing. The first surrounded underground testing of nuclear weapons, blocking nuclear vibrations with a thickness of over 150 kilotons, the other regulated underground nuclear vibrations for peaceful purposes.

Nareshti, born in 1979 Another agreement on the exchange of strategic armor (SALT-2) was signed, which reduced the permissible increase in the designated armor.

Effectiveness of agreements 1974, 1976 and 1979 It was reduced by the fact that the agreement was ratified and agreed upon by both parties.

The scientific and technical symbol of the relaxation of international tensions and the Soviet-American tensions became the final flight of the spacecraft of the USSR and the USA "Soyuz" - "Apollo" in 1975. Radyanski kerivniki and especially JI. I. Brezhnev was respected that detente is irrevocable and “the wheel of history cannot be turned back.” The stinks had mercy, seeing the fruits of the action.

By the beginning of the 1980s, tensions had been extinguished on both sides, and the ice of the Cold War had closed. The first sign of the destabilization of bilateral trade in the other half of the 70s was the activity of US President J. Carter in the fight for the rights of people in the USSR to the economical trade of the two countries.

Get the results again.

The character of Perebudov (1985-1991) appeared in the beginning of the 80s. which has entered into a protracted socio-economic and spiritual-moral crisis (report of the marvelous report No. 21). With this, the specific changes to the goals of the reformist course were changed. There are three stages in the history of Perebudova: 1985-1986, 1987-1988, 1989-1991.

1985-1986: acceleration period. Obrany u bereznya 1985 r. The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPRS, M. S. Gorbachov, proceeded from the fact that, first of all, reforms are necessary and, on the other hand, they must realize the great economic and political possibilities of the socialism inspired in the USSR . The concept of accelerating socio-economic development was presented. The price was already up to 2000 rubles. subdivision of the industrial potential of the SRSR. The methods of implementing this strategy have turned out to be entirely traditional: activation of the “human factor” (social education, better labor discipline, the fight against drunkenness - the famous anti-alcohol campaign); the recruitment of reserves (outside the attraction of labor force, the organization of rich work); a sharp increase in data on technical updating of enterprises; strengthening of administrative approaches (state capture of products). At the same time, the great party and government apparatus was being renewed. There are signs of disruption in foreign policy. The USSR became convinced of the deployment of medium-range missiles in Europe, and began normalization of military operations with the United States, which in the early period actually went into a dead end.

Politicians' bags are rapidly growing weaker. The growth rate did not reach the current pace, the anti-alcohol campaign led to huge expenditures on the budget, and increased expenditures on technical re-equipment of the industry worsened the situation in the social sphere. The need for major changes that may interfere with the basic structure of the economic and political system that has emerged has come.

1987-1988: Glasnist and Perebudova. The ideological basis of the new course was the concept of “state-sponsored socialism”, the prototype of which was found in Nepa, and the theoretical basis – in the remaining works of V.I. Lenin. The Law “On State Enterprise” (summer 1987) significantly expanded the independence of enterprises. The ministries prepared control indicators for the economic development of the river and, on their basis, established regulations for enterprises. Everything that was in the market could be sold in the best minds at great prices. Enterprises independently determined the number of workers and the level of wages. Labor collectives denied the right to hire the administration. There was an attempt to change the government mechanism, ease the administrative pressure, and introduce competition. Although the great results were small: the government established between the possibilities of enterprises, the system of pricing and material and technical supply did not change. Born in 1988 Croc's offensive was fragmented: other private enterprises were allowed (within the boundaries of the so-called cooperative sector). There was no such destruction of the economy. Opir with this growth. Gorbachov praised the good decision to prepare for reform of the political system. Already at the age of 1987. The emphasis was placed on the “glasnost” policy. It has become more viral: the circulation of popular literary and mystical magazines has exceeded millions of copies. The country rushed to get used to it, read those that were selected in great numbers: create the 20-30s. (“Mi” by E.I. Zamyatin, “The Pit” by A.P. Platonov, “The Tale of the Unredeemed Month” by B.A. Pilnyak), books by B.L. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”), A.N. Ribakov ( “Children of Arbat”), V. S. Grossman (“Life and Lot”), works of old and new emigrants (“Damned Days” by I. A. Bunin, “The Gulag Archipelago” by A. I. Solzhenitsin, “Little Tale”) P. Nekrasova, “Virny Ruslan” by G. N. Vladimova, “This Day of Creation” by V. E. Maksimov), journalistic statistics I. Klyamkin, O. Latsis, G. Popov, philosophical opuses of N. A. Berdyaev, V. S. Solovyov, P. A. Sorokin... The films “Repentance”, “Commissar” and others were released on the screen. There is unprecedented interest in the history of Russia: the marriage required “to know the whole truth” about the past. 3 1987 The Politburo Commission for the rehabilitation of victims of political repressions (“A. N. Yakovlev Commission”) was entrusted with the work. Bukharin, Zinovyev, Kamenev were rehabilitated, illegal acts of the court “threes”, repressions of the villagers during the period of collectivization were found.

The leadership strongly advocated for the destruction of the reforms, the voices of the conservatives in the CPRS lava were drowned in efforts to speed up the re-creation. In 1988 The 19th Party Conference praised the course towards the creation of a legal socialist state, holding alternative elections at the new governing body - the Congress of People's Deputies.

In 1987 the concept of a new political thought was formulated in modern politics: the world was recognized as whole and genuine, human values ​​were placed above class and party values, in a universal way international problems, a balance of interests was recognized (as opposed to the balance of power). On this basis, the region successfully developed in the West, and a number of regional conflicts were unblocked (the rise of the Radyan army from Afghanistan, 1988).

1989-1991: Piznya Perebudov. 1989 r. The elections for the Congress of People's Deputies took place. For the first time, meetings were held on an alternative basis; for the first time, parliamentary meetings were broadcast on television. The interest in these broadcasts is great: the speeches of deputies O.D. Tim an hour before 1990-1991. the situation has become conflictual and of a volatile nature. The basic structures of the Radian system collapsed.

Already born in 1989 There were a number of political parties of varying directness that opposed the whole of the CPRS. Born in 1989 Some of the deputies created the Interregional Group together with Yeltsin, as a result of the program of radical reforms (market, democracy, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union against a monopoly on power, etc.). In 1990r. under the tight grip of the plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was necessary to obtain from the Constitution of the USSR a clause about the important and direct role of the party. Tim an hour in the middle of the CPRS there was a rift between the conservative and reformist wings. At the cost of incredible efforts, the split was allowed to fade away, only for a mass outflow to emerge from the lava of the CPRS. Newsletters in the center and allied republics became very busy. 1990-1991 were designated the so-called “parade of sovereignties,” when all the allied republics voted themselves sovereign powers. Gorbachev decided to act by force (in Tbilisi, Baku, Vilnius and others), but it was no longer possible to stop the process. 1991 r. The Russian presidential election has been held. He became B. N. Yeltsin. Conducting at Bereznya 1991 r. a national referendum showed that the majority of citizens were in favor of saving the USSR. Vlitku 1991 r. An agreement was prepared on the reform of the federal state and the expansion of the republics. This subscription gave you a chance to save money.

In 1989-1990 The world system has practically fallen into socialism. Revolutions in the regions of Central and Western Europe led to the victory of the democratic forces that were oriented towards the borders of Western Europe. 1990 r. The unification of Germany took place. The offensive fate was dissolved by REV and OVS.

The growth of the economy was rapidly changing. The reforms resulted in an increase rather than a decrease in production. The “500 days” program was prepared by liberal economists and supported by the political leadership of the RRFSR, in 1990, apparently, it was abandoned. The problems with supplying food and essential goods to the population have become crowded, so that a number of people are ready to supply their normal distribution for cards. The strike roar expanded.

In these minds, it was more conservative in the CPRS and the state apparatus was trying to put Gorbachov, born in 1990. elected President of the USSR by the Congress of People's Deputies, the rulers would not allow the signing of a new union treaty. On September 19, it was announced about the transfer of power to the Sovereign Committee from the supreme state, Gorbachov was isolated in Crimea, and armored vehicles were introduced to Moscow. The President, the government and the Parliament of the RRFSR became the center of support for the DKPP regime. Tens of thousands of Muscovites gathered in the Budinka district. 21 sickles of the coup attempt were strangled. Gorbachov turned back to Moscow, but the alliance treaty was never signed.

Infant born 1991 The farmers of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed a statement from Bilovezka Pushcha about the application of the Union Treaty of 1922. and about the creation of the Union of Independent Powers (SND). 25th Breast Gorbachov announced his exit from the presidential imprisonment. The collapse of the USSR has become a fact.

Perebudova was judged by the remains of the 20th century. Vaughn's failure to reform the socialist system led to collapse. There are different ideas about the reasons for the disintegration of the USSR. It became clear that the economic crisis, the sharp weakening of power, the real bearing of the long-term fate of the CPRS, the suppression of the national elites until independence, became possible. The world's legacy of the collapse of the USSR is reflected in history.

Over the past decade, there have been positive trends in international relations, although a number of episodes have been associated with the Cold War, destabilization, and conflict situations. The 1970s have rocks. having stopped the development of the process of so-called relaxation of international tensions . The leaders of the major European powers, fearing the threat to international security in connection with uncontrolled fuel transfers, the possibility of a nuclear war, in the absence of a victory, began to talk about peaceful affairs in the development of the world. native partnership.

For all the losses, the heads of the powers of the pro-life systems rushed to rapprochement, in search of the nobles for a peaceful solution to problems. People first started talking about detente in the other half of the 1960s. after the establishment of friendly relations between the USSR and France. The grievances between the powers continued in the 1970s. The agreements between these countries were based on the Protocol on Political Consultations and the Principles of Foreign Relations. The Radian Union signed similar documents from Great Britain, Italy and Denmark.

With the coming to power of the Western German Social Democrats, the views of the USSR and the FRN radically changed. The revanchist construction of the large stoneworks of Zakhidnaya Nemechchina was replaced by the installation of good-natured drains along with their own vessels. The NRF went to the conclusion of agreements not only with the USSR, but also with Poland, the People's Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, Ugorsk and Bulgaria. The FRN leadership recognized military cordons from the neighboring powers along the Oder-Neisse line, although the ratification of treaties in Western Germany itself was not easy.

The 1970s are especially significant. added the “Declaration on the principles of international law, which establishes friendly relations and cooperation between powers under the UN Statute” (1970) and the Final Act for Security and Cooperation in Europe (1 975 rub.).

1 serpnya 1975 r. The Final Act was signed for the safety and security of the European Union by the heads of state and government of 33 European countries, as well as the USA and Canada. The document establishes the principle of non-proprietary European security. the right of all powers participating in the NBSE to equal security.

The Final Act contains ten basic principles, which are none of the basic principles of international law: 1) non-stabilization of force or threat of substantiation; 2) peaceful regulation of the superchoke; 3) non-delivery of internal documents from sovereign powers; 4) respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; 5) integrity of cordons; 6) up to territorial integrity; 7) equality and the right of peoples to self-esteem; 8) sovereign jealousy of powers; 9) union of powers; 10) sumlinna vikonannya goiter.

U travni born 1972 The leaders of the SRSR and the United States signed an agreement on the exchange of missile defense systems (ABM) and Timchasov on the operation of entering into the zone of the exchange of strategic offensive weapons (SALT-1). The ABM Treaty was in force until 2002, when the United States signed it.

Both parties to this agreement pledged not to develop such systems that would ensure the protection of the entire territory of the country from a missile attack. It was allowed to cover two areas, but later they decided to limit missile defense to one area. The SALT-1 Treaty was passed on to both sides for five years to promote new launchers of intercontinental ballistic missiles, and not to decommission them.

Until the mid-1970s. The Radian Union was able to negotiate with the United States in order to delineate the race of strategic defenses and the mutual defense of the creation of foreign national missile defense systems. The USSR had to spend a lot of money to support parity in the military from the United States. In a number of positions, the Acquired States took precedence over the Radyansky Union in the system of reform. There were high-precision missiles with individually targeted cluster warheads; long-range missiles; highly effective anti-tank weapons; laser sights for projectiles.

In order to maintain the strength of its armored forces, the Radyansky Union had to modernize military equipment, improve the delivery of nuclear weapons, and maintain parity with the United States. In several types of development of the SRSR, the reach is significant. The development of nuclear warheads with individually targeted parts, which are separated, and RSD-10 (SS 20) mobile solid-fuel missiles with warheads equipped with three separate individually targeted warheads, continued. The Allied Forces countries outnumbered the NATO countries in terms of the number of armored forces - 5 and 3 million people in total.

The United States and other countries of the West had a chance to draw on the intense military potential of the USSR. Why is the Radyansky Union, as before, a great power. The jealousy of the armed forces and the advances in low-tech military technology came at a high price. The recession and stagnation of the economy placed the USSR in the category of far from being the leading powers. Its foreign economic ties, generated by the export of raw materials, with lower prices on light markets, negatively impacted the budget of the Radyansky Union, the living equal of the people. Colossal expenditures on defense further enhanced the encampment.

In the current situation of stagnation in the economy of the USSR, it was difficult to invest a lot of money in order to secure political support from both socialist countries and countries. Ale didn’t go into this for a long time.

The 1970s have rocks. The current policy of the Radian Union will give priority to the development of the Soviet Union, first of all, with the socialist powers, the countries that are developing, and then with the advancing powers. As in the past, foreign political and foreign economic contacts with the countries of socialism transferred from the side of Radyansky to the Union the supply of cheap energy resources, assistance from everyday industrial facilities iv, military spivrobіtnitstvo.

In the countries from the third world, the emphasis was also placed on assisting the development of the various economies of these countries, military-technical spivrobitnitsya. Gradually, new independent powers that were developing began to enter into close relations with the USSR. They will be more active in working with the latest countries, negating loans and other assistance.

The 1970s have rocks. The United States began to link its foreign political actions to the internal problems of the USSR. So it was in 1974. the regime of the greatest harmonization of trade with the USSR was suspended due to the free departure of Jews from the Radiansky Union - the Jackson-Vanik amendment, adopted by the US Congress. Agreement SALT-2 dated 1976. buv ties with the pre-trimanny rights of people in the USSR. This indicated the loss of balance between the two great powers.

Of particular importance to the Radyansky Union is the position of the Western powers during the war in Afghanistan. Born in 1973 in Afghanistan the rule of the king was overthrown. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) attempted to unite the leftist anti-government forces, and President M. Daoud was focused on helping the foreign countries. Spring 1978 r. General Secretary of the PDPA Central Committee N.M. was arrested. Taraki. Near Kvitna, the Afghan army overthrew Daoud's line. The Revolutionary Rada voted the country the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA).

The leaders of the republic declared their allegiance to Marxism-Leninism and advocated creating an independent economy and carrying out agrarian reform. Already, the reforms that were introduced took away the support of the broad movements of the population. The SRSR gave additional assistance to the new government. The struggle for power has begun in Afghanistan. In the spring of 1979 the bulb was driven in by N.M. Taraki and before the rule of the arrivals Kh. Amin.

The policy of the powers (USA and USSR) and their allies in the 1970s was aimed at normalizing relations between them.

Change your mind about the discharge

In the middle is the other half of the 1960s. The bipolar system that was in place at that time began to recognize the daily changes. The Caribbean crisis of 1962, which put the world on the brink of a nuclear war, caused resentment in the powers to refuse to prevent such situations in the future. In addition, between the Soviet Socialist Republic and the United States, parity in nuclear missile systems has developed until now. New centers of power began to emerge in the world. The People's Republic of China began to pursue its foreign policy course without regard to the USSR. Insanely, to Moscow’s advantage, the formation of an alliance between Washington and Beijing was prevented. On the other hand, it was important for the United States to embrace the trend that was emerging in the countries of Western Europe, directed toward the expansion of wine from the USSR without control from Washington. The SRSR, having attempted to deprive the sphere of its influx in the incompleteness (and to what extent it can be expanded), Washington, with the help of a policy of detente, secured the weakening of the ties between the regions of the socialist partnership with the SRSR. All these factors led to the beginning of the 1970s. until international tensions ease.

A proliferation of Radian-American wines on the cob of the 1970s. Treaty on ABM and SALT-1

The activation of contacts between the Radyansky and American Christians began in 1971. In addition to the avoidance of nuclear war and the exchange of strategic armies, regional conflicts, including the development at the Close Meeting, and the implementation of foreign European security issues were on the order of the day. 1972 r. The next visit of US President Richard Nixon to Moscow. The culmination of this visit was the signing of a document entitled “Fundamentals of mutual relations between the USSR and the USA.”

This confirmed the strong position of the parties that the only alternative to nuclear war is peaceful peace. The agreements between the two superpowers, which were voiced in the document, are based on the principles of equality and non-compliance with internal authorities. The leaders of the SRSR and the United States took upon themselves the responsibility of reporting to each other, not only in the sphere of avoiding military confrontation, but also in developing bilateral ties in the fields of economics, science, technology and culture.

The first concrete milestone in the sphere of exchange of the race was the signing of R. Nixon and L. Brezhnev on May 26, 1972. The agreement on the exchange of missile defense systems (ABM) and Timchasov agrees on actions to be taken to exchange strategic offensive weapons (SALT-1). Since the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, the offending powers have taken it upon themselves not to destroy such systems as would protect their entire territory from a missile attack. Anti-missile systems of sea, air, space and mobile-ground bases were protected. Each party to the agreement was allowed to cover two areas with missile defense systems (the capital and one mobile-ground base) with a missile deployment radius of no more than 150 km and the number of missiles in each area was no more than 100. The agreement was line-free in nature, however 2002 r. The United States withdrew from the new one unilaterally.

Timchasovaya about the actions of approaching the exchange of strategic offensive forces (SALT-1) transferred to both sides for a stretch of five years to dispute new launchers of intercontinental ground-based ballistic missiles and missile launchers, size Searched for in underwater basins. At that time, due to the number of warheads on strategic carriers, the United States outnumbered the SRSR by more than double (5,700 versus 2,500), so Washington asked Moscow to take action, having been able to outdo the SRSR with intercontinental ballistic missiles and ballistic missiles. them submarine missiles. The SRSR and the USA created a permanent advisory commission for the purpose of concurring in the exchange of strategic units.

Below is the value of the Radian-American wines

After the signing of the ABM and SALT-1 agreements, positive changes in the relations between Moscow and Washington continued to grow. U Chernі 1973 r. L. Brezhnev is currently visiting the USA. It was signed there that the nuclear war would be abandoned, because of any resentment, the powers that be demanded to resist the threat of force, either against the other side or their allies. Born in 1974 The next visit of US President R. Nixon to the USSR. The leaders of the two powers signed a protocol to the ABM Treaty, which means that only one region of either power will be subject to missile defense thefts. The USSR chose such an area as Moscow, and the United States chose a base for launching its intercontinental ballistic missiles in the state of Pivnichna Dakota.

One of the important goals that Moscow and Washington had to follow was the establishment of a permanent agreement on the exchange of strategic offensive forces. The fundamental principles of the future were outlined at the meeting between Leonid Brezhnev and US President D. Ford at the leaf fall of 1974. The new agreement will establish, however, new limits for the number of strategic noses (2400 units per skin side). Negotiations about this food continued until the end of the 1970s. The SRSR and the USA made progress within the framework of the spivpratsiya in the political sphere: the work on security and health care in Europe continued. The Radian-American agreement on trade, established in 1972, became a positive sign for the development of trade and economic ties between the two countries. If this goal was not realized, a few members of the US Congress insisted on ending the regime for the citizens of the country to leave the border. Zavdyaki t.zv. The “Jackson-Venik Amendments” to promote trade between the USA and the USSR were never put into practice.

Protea, the Radian-American spіvrobіtnіstvo developed in other spheres, including the sphere of culture and science. The beginning of the detente policy began to bring into life the Russian-American space experiment - the launching of the Russian and American spacecraft "Soyuz" and "Apollo" in orbit in Lipnya in 1975. There was an expansion of cultural ties between the two countries: exchange of art exhibitions, organization of tours.

Europe's policy of détente. Bilateral cooperation between European countries. Helsinki process

On the European continent until the end of the 1960s. One of the main ones was the problem of safety. First of all, the conflict between two military-political blocs – the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) and the Atlantic Alliance (NATO) – did not contribute to significant stability on the continent. Another problem was the existence of a peace treaty with Germany in the wake of the Other World War, which meant the absence of internationally recognized cordons between the European powers. The founding of the FRN and the PDR, two German countries with different political influences, was also a drive of the wiper. Vlada FRN claimed to be a unifying center for all Germans and was supposed to support diplomatic communications with the countries that knew the NDR. In addition, Bonn respected Western Berlin with part of its territory, which was not respected in the USSR.

In the minds of the beginning of the detente on the European continent, the European countries were hidden on both sides of the “harmful dependence”. Born in 1966 Vinikla t.zv. Bucharest Initiative The Declaration, adopted by the Allied Political Advisory Committee in Bucharest, calls for the organization of a global European initiative dedicated to food security. On the other hand, many countries of Western Europe have rejected greater independence from the United States and the appreciation of their positions as independent citizens in the world arena.

One of these countries was France under President Charles de Gaulle. Born in 1966 France announced its withdrawal from the military organization NATO, and at the same time Charles de Gaulle saw the official visit of the USSR, at which point there was talk of a release of tension in bilateral relations. The policy of the FRF is also changing. Born in 1969 A coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Party of Free Democrats will come to power in Western Germany. The new Chancellor of the FRN, V. Brandt, emphasized the necessary weakening of the confrontation between the incoming and outgoing blocs.

Discharge in Europe took place in a number of formats. One of them is the double-sided paper format. At the hour of the predicted visit of Charles de Gaulle to the USSR, 1966. A number of bilateral documents were signed, including the Protocol on Political Consultations, which specified the differences between the two countries in international relations. Born in 1972 A similar protocol from the USSR was signed by Italy, 1975. Great Britain, born 1976 Denmark. In 1970 The Moscow Treaty was signed between the SRSR and the NDR, thus the cordons between the FRN and the NDR were recognized as inviolable. The FRN entered into similar agreements with the NDR,
She flattered Czechoslovakia, and also established diplomatic relations with Ugorshchina and Bulgaria. In this way, the post-war cordons in Europe were denied private legal registration.

Born in 1973-1975 the proposition of the Bucharest Declaration of 1966 was implemented, then. The idea of ​​carrying out the For the Safety and Health Care in Europe (NBS). The negotiations between the country and its government were called the “Helsinki process.” Narada passed in three stages: the first stage - at Gelsinka from 3 to 7 linya 1973 r. on the level of ministers of foreign affairs, the other - in Geneva from the 18th spring of 1973. 21 lipnya 1975 r. on the level of experts, the third - again in Helsinki for 30 linya for 1 sickle 1975 r. on the highest level. 1 The final act of the NBSE was signed by the heads of the powers and orders of 33 European powers, as well as the USA and Canada. The preamble of this document establishes the basic principle that the security of one power cannot be compromised by changing the security of others. The country's signatories confirmed adherence to the principles of inviolability of Europe's cordons, independence of power, peaceful regulation of super rivers, and respect for human rights.

Cause a crisis of detente. Agreement SALT-2.

On another half of the 1970s rocks. Radian foreign political activity will be intensified. The USSR gave active support to the regimes in some countries of the Third World, giving them military and economic assistance (Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Afghanistan). In addition, the USSR began equipping the Radyan strategic missile forces with warheads with individually targeted warheads, which are separated, and since 1977. RSD-10 (SS-20) medium-range missiles were deployed in the western regions of the USSR. The transfer of new armored and aircraft equipment to Europe was carried out further to the city. All these entries did not formally violate the international agreements signed by the SRSR, but rather settled on the edges of the entry block as Moscow needed to change its core and the natural balance of forces. At its own time, the United States also made plans aimed at weakening the position of the USSR in the world, beginning with the encouragement of anti-regime forces in countries loyal to Moscow (for example, in Angola) and ending with rapprochement with China, its main rival. SRSR on the Dalekom Skhod. The peace treaty between Israel and Egypt was signed in 1979. under the United States without the participation of the USSR, which resulted in the destruction of bilateral relations between Moscow and Washington. What was unfriendly to the USSR was the praise from 1978. decision For the sake of NATO, there is an immediate increase of 3% in the military expenditures of all countries participating in the bloc.

One of the remaining positive changes within the framework of the policy of detente was the sustrich L.I. Brezhnev and US President J. Carter at Chervna 1979. near Vidnya, just as the Strategic Offensive Armor Exchange Treaty (SALT-2) was signed. The agreement transferred the loyalty of the Radyansky Union and the United States for the sum of all components of strategic formations. According to the agreement, the number of strategic units was limited to 2400 units, and until 1981 it was planned to reduce them to 2250 units. A number of nuclear charges installed on ballistic missiles have been removed. The two sides exchanged information about their nuclear forces.

However, after the introduction of the Radyan army to Afghanistan in 1979. The American administration reviewed the SALT-2 treaty in the US Senate. In 1980 the new US President R. Reagan placed his bet on strengthening the confrontation with the USSR and voted for victory in the “Cold War”. The discharging period has now been completed.

The Second World War ended, the military-nuclear potentials of NATO and the Allied Forces were gradually being verified, the USSR achieved parity with the United States. The tension that arose between the socialist and capitalist camps was increasingly building up to a new war.

Change your mind about the reasons for the “discharge”

Let’s find out from the nutritionist what are the reasons for the transition to a policy of discharge. The increase in the military power of the USA, the USSR and its protectorates and satellites created constant tension in the nutrition of Ukraine’s foreign policy.

Until the mid-60s, capitalist countries experienced an economic crisis, which gave rise to financial interest in the development of trade lines with the USSR, which contained large reserves of oil and gas. The received States went into a protracted war in Vietnam, and they needed help from the USSR in order to save accusations and make good news. The Radian Union also developed friendship with NATO countries, and today, China was developing at a rapid pace in Siberia, recognizing a threat.

All these changes meant that in the minds of the Cold War, NATO and the Allied Forces moved to a policy of detente.

Conducted entries

The hopes and results on both sides of the approaches that are being carried out are formulated in the table “Policy for relieving international tensions.”

TOP 4 statisticswhat to read at the same time

Small 1. Stykuvannya Soyuz-Apollo.

The main document of the Western European Union for the safety and security of the population was the signing of the “Declaration of Principles”, whereby the 35 powers participating in the conference pledged not to violate one another’s sovereignty, peacefully catch the super rivers, respect the rights of people, the equality of peoples and promote marriage in many spheres of life .

Even before the end of the 70s, news from Sunset began to circulate. As a matter of fact, Vidmova decided to ratify the agreement on the continuation of the reduction in fuel transfers in the US Senate.

Small 2. President Nixon.

In addition to the entries in the table, it should be noted that on May 22-30, 1972, US President Nixon visited the USSR. This will be the first official visit of a US President in the history of mutual relations.
In progress, R. Nixon and L. I. Brezhnev signed the following agreements:

• about the development of science and technology;
• about the exchange of missile defense systems;
• In the meantime, we are talking about actions to go ahead with the exchange of strategic armor;
• pneumonia in medicine;
• about dealing with incidents at sea;
• Please about trading.

Small 3. L. I. Brezhnev.

On April 25, 1979, in connection with the introduction of the Radian troops into Afghanistan, the policy of “détente” begins to gradually decline and the damnable congestion of the Radyan-American wars appears.

During the period of the policy of detente, the Radian Union actively purchased foreign cars, built livestock complexes in the Kuban, musical groups made tours beyond the border, as well as other ways of cultural exchange between two people. tsіami.

What did we find out?

The policy of “détente” was the first post-war failure to improve the balance between the socialist and capitalist world. And let it appear in the distance, as if it were the first sign of creation, and not a confrontation.

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