Previously, it was noted that innovations can be purchased and developed, and innovations as a result of the implementation of innovations can only be implemented in the organization itself. Innovations cannot be sold; innovations are sold to transform them into innovations in the sphere of production.

Life path innovation can develop in one of three ways:

1. accumulation in an innovative organization (IV);

2. transformation into innovation;

3. sales of the product.

The effectiveness of the organization’s activities is reflected through economic and financial indicators. Different market drains may have a unified display system. Each investor independently determines this system, based on the characteristics of the innovative project, the professionalism of facilitators and managers, and other factors.

The display system offers the following benefits:

• exhibitors can bury the process in all stages of the product’s life cycle;
• displays can be formed for the future, at least for 3-5 years, based on a retrospective analysis of the organization’s activities;
• The evidence may be based on the competitiveness of specific products in specific markets for a specific period;
• The most important indicators of guilt are expressed in absolute, specific and quantifiable quantities (for example: profit, profitability of the product and production, the net price of the product);
• the displays are to be set up with all the sections of the plan;
• indicators are required to reflect all aspects of the financial activity of the organization (income, expenses, insurance, liquidity of valuable papers and assets, contributions, efficiency of resources, etc.);
• The design of residual indicators may be based on a wide range of product ranges with significant risks and stability of financial activity, with the availability of sufficient and clear information, which characterizes the technical, organizational, environmental, economic and social aspects of the organization’s activities.

One of the main indicators of the effectiveness and stability of the functioning of an organization is the indicator of its stability, the efficiency coefficient and the competitiveness coefficient IV. Vikoristannya innovation can be given to the desired effect (div. Fig. 14.1):

• economical;
• scientific and technical;
• social;
• eco-friendly

In order to reduce the economical effect of the form of income, this is due to the comprehensive development and improvement of the kindness of workers.

Other types of effect have a potential economic effect. For example, the division of IV wines as innovations of a high level can give an economical effect either after its sale, or after the sale of goods IO, divided on the basis of wine output. Reducing the waste of waste components into the atmosphere, soil, and water saves the eco-system, thereby increasing the triviality of human life. This effect cannot be immediately translated into profit.

Pointed butts allow you to develop the following concept: the economical effect of development, promotion at home (transformed into innovation) and the sale of innovations can be potential or actual (real, commercial), and scientific-technical, social and environmental. Effects may result in a form without a potential economic effect. In fact, if we take into account the final results of the promotion and sale of innovations, then any type of innovative activity can be assessed in a different way. The criteria for the final assessment are:

• the hour of maintaining the actual economical effect;
• the stage of insignificance of its possession (or the level of risk of investing in innovation).

Small 14.1. System of indicators of the effectiveness of innovative activities

The method of analysis (audit) of the effectiveness of innovative activities of IO is the development of the mechanism and the determination of the return on investment.

From these marks the following directions of analysis can be identified:

1. analysis of the complexity of the idea and structure of the problem;

2. analysis of the rationality of the IO structure;

3. analysis of the professionalism of the IO kernel, the kernel of innovative projects, and their teams;

4. analysis of the legal framework of projects and government support for innovative activity;

5. analysis of financial and material and technical security IV;

6. analysis of the cost of normative and methodological security of IV;

7. analysis of the quality of information security IV;

8. analysis of the totality of scientific approaches and current management methods that have been developed during the design period;

9. analysis of competitive advantages IV;

10. analysis of the structure of the portfolio of innovations (purchased innovations, innovations for distribution in IV, innovations for accumulation, innovations for distribution, innovations for sale);

11. analysis of the scope of project expertise;

12. analysis of the complexity of indicators of the effectiveness of innovative activity of explosives;

13. Analysis of the motivation system and the type of innovation activity.

Analysis of the effectiveness of innovative activities follows the following principles:

• dialectics
  (systematic approach, dynamic approach, the principle of necessity and discontinuity, the principle of uniformity and struggle of strengths, the principle of the transition of strength into strength and strength into new strength, the principle of “intersectionality”);
• Unity of analysis and synthesis;
• ranking;
• ensuring the validity of alternative options;
• principle of efficiency;
• of great importance and otherwise.

The main stages of analyzing the effectiveness of innovative activities of IO:

1. Identification of the problem, formulation of goals and direction of analysis.

2. Formation of a time-based creative group for analysis.

3. Development of the project analysis program.

4. Preparation and delivery of orders regarding goals, group, rights and obligations, analysis program.

5. Choice of methods for completing work.

6. Collection and processing of necessary information, documents, etc.

7. Conducting an analysis of the reinsurance of property and the installed system of indicators.

8. Preparation, preparation and confirmation of information about the Wikonan work.

9. When you come back for the results of the analysis.

Enter

In modern minds, innovation and innovative activity are becoming increasingly important for the economical development of any country and successful financial and government activity of enterprises of all forms. power, being the basis for the preservation of competitive advantages.

Innovations will provide companies with competitive advantages, which can be operational, in order to promote the ongoing efficiency of business activities (reducing profitability, expanding the market, etc.), or strategic , which form the uniqueness of the organization. In connection with this, in order to assess the strategic effectiveness of the activity of the enterprise, today in the minds of the modern world, which is dynamically developing, it is necessary to look at the characteristics of the intensity of your innovation of this activity, relevant innovative parameters.

The important concept of “innovation” and type of innovation

Scientific and primary literature suggests different meanings of the concept of “innovation” or “innovation”:

■ converting potential scientific and technological progress into real progress that occurs in new products and technologies;

■ the result of a creative process in the appearance of the creation (or implementation) of new living prices, the stagnation of which emphasizes the type of people who are victorious about them, or the organization of change in basic stereotypes of activity and beginners;

■ the result of creative activity, direct development, creation and development of new types of viruses, technologies, promotion of new organizational solutions, etc., which satisfy the needs of people and communities that call for At the same time there are social and other changes;

■ a new method of satisfying the formed sustenance needs, which will ensure an increase in the corrosive effect and, as a rule, based on the achievements of science and technology.

On the cob of the XXI century. The need for broader essentials, patterns and specifics of innovative processes has become increasingly recognized. Already at the beginning of the last century, J. Schumpeter formulated the laws of technological evolution and the role of innovation at various stages in the cycle of development of science and technology, having reported on the approaches to the classification of innovations, having seen five of their varieties:

• a new, i.e., a still unknown sphere of acquisition of good is a new reality of the known good;
• a new, effective method for the production of natural products;
• discovery of new patterns in the production of products;
• discovery of new products of cheese and production of beverages;
• reorganization of the production industry, which led to the destruction of the new monopoly.

J. Schumpeter identified innovation with “new combinations”, so that any innovation is a unique selection of resources from already existing knowledge (conceptual provisions, theories, methods, etc.), material, financial and Other resources. Moreover, the results of the innovation are, in turn, components when forming solutions for upcoming tasks. J. Schumpeter went so far as to make the term “innovation” part of a whole singing sense: it signified the decision to bring a new idea into life (for the first time), which is subject to technology or any other nutrition, about the management of the enterprise (preparation materials, products, etc.).

An idea, a proposition, a project, the result of an investigation, a finding, etc., wants to act as a new product, in its pure form it is not a novelty, but an innovation. And as soon as they are integrated into the industry, services, technologies that are adopted by fellow workers, they become innovations or innovations.

Innovation activity is a complex of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial approaches, directing the commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technology and possession. The result of innovative activity is new or additional products and services or products and services with new features. Also, innovative activity can be defined as activity from the creation, development, expansion and development of innovation.

System for assessing innovative activities

The system for assessing innovative activity should be based on the strategy of the organization (strategic directions of innovative activity), management structure (warehouse, number of military personnel, involved in innovative activities) and, in addition, the idea management system is victorious.

To enhance the assessment of innovative activities, managers need to consistently conduct them appearance Based on the collected information, it is much easier to evaluate and adjust further actions.

The scope of innovative activity must be based on strategic directions of innovative activity (Direct 1, Direct 2,..., Direct d).

Full information about the innovation strategy is the responsibility of the general director and his champion of innovation (the core of the innovation department of the organization 2).

Managers who have responded in one or several direct ways

innovative activities of the organization, which is strategically important

information directly from within.

It is possible to directly target innovative goals that may reflect the result and planning of the term of your achievement (Fig. 1).

Based on the ideas that have been removed from the scientific community, research finds the ability to modify or identify new goals (Fig. 2).

Ideas that are found undergo further evaluation until cost-effectiveness analytics can be achieved. After initial approval, ideas are transformed into an innovative project with specific characteristics: budget, participants, main milestones, terms of beginning and completion.

To be able to further assess the strengths and weaknesses of an innovative activity, it is recommended to keep a collection of current data for ideas:

• type of innovation (incremental, substantive, radical);
• planned expenditures on innovation (innovation budget);
• planning income from innovation;
• planning terms for the project (dates of beginning and completion of the project);
• planning contributions to the developments of the organization.

For ongoing and final control of innovation processes, it is recommended to maintain the following factual data:

• spend on innovation;
• income from innovation;
• date of completion of the project (launch of innovation on the market);
• an increase in income and other “contribution” to the developments of the organization.

Formation of a cloud data base allows an organization to identify significant benefits. According to the first There is a clear retrospective picture of the results of innovative activities. Analysis of innovation activities can be carried out both with competitors and with internal innovation processes. Indicators, such as low performance indicators, a small share of revenue from the sale of a new product, or a small number of innovation breakthroughs among peers compared to the performance of competitors, may indicate the need to make changes before innovative activities of the organization. In a different way, These data can indicate key problems and the possibility of their development.

Having identified such problems in a timely manner, professionalism has the ability to immediately praise the right solutions. Thus, we describe the method of introducing innovative activity with a tool that allows you to analyze the results of innovative activity in simple terms and introduce corrective actions that reduce the level of against the risk of innovative activity.

System of indicators of the effectiveness of innovative activities

The effectiveness of the organization’s activities is reflected through economic and financial indicators. Different market drains may have a unified display system. Each investor independently determines this system, based on the characteristics of the innovative project, the professionalism of facilitators and managers, and other factors.

Vprovadzhennya innovation can be done type of effect:

• economical;

Economical effects may include:

• income from the sale of wines and patents;
• increase in sales;
• Reduced costs for management;
• Increased resource utilization: increased productivity.
• scientific and technical;

Dzherelo scientific and technical effect:

• the emergence of new information technologies;
• advancement of the coefficient of automation of production;
• advancement of the organizational level of production and practice.
• social;

Dzherelo social effect:

• promotion of safety;
• change of number of workers;
• the improvement of the living and cultural minds of the ancestors.
• eco-friendly

Some environmentally friendly effects can be achieved by:

• changes in the obstruction of the dovkill;
• improvement of the environmental level of products and services;
• Reduced production output.

In order to reduce the economical effect of the form of income from an innovative organization, the complex development and promotion of the goodness of workers is taking place.

Other types of effect have a potential economic effect. For example, the division of the innovative organization of wines as innovations of the highest level can give an economical effect either after the sale or after the sale of goods IV, divided on the basis of the wine output. Or an increased level of satisfaction of the physiological needs of sick workers and their families can reduce the amount of working hours spent due to illness, increase work productivity, the creation of labor resources, etc., but not You will benefit from a form of economical effect. Reducing the waste of waste components into the atmosphere, soil, water saves the ecosystem, increases the triviality of human life, etc. This effect cannot be immediately translated into profit.

Pointing the butt allows you to create an offensive guard: economical effect development, development in oneself (transformation into innovation) or sale of innovation can be either potential or actual(Real, commercial), and the scientific, technical, social and environmental effect can only form a potential economic effect. In essence, if only the final results of the promotion or sale of innovation are to be ensured, then any type of innovative activity can be assessed in a different way. The criteria for the final assessment here are the level of separation of the actual economic effect and the level of insignificance of its removal (or the level of risk of investment in innovation).

The criterion for praising a management decision is economical effect. At this time, according to the recommendations of UNIDO (United Nations Organization for Industrial Development), foreign practices will stagnate in such Indicators for assessing the effectiveness of innovative activities:

1) net discounting profit (NPV):

where T is the horizon of development, equal to the number of the horizon of development, on which the liquidation of the object will take place; R- Results achieved on t-u stage of development; 3 t- spend what will be on your money; E – discount rate;

2) term of return on investment in an innovative project (T o):

de Pch - pure river income, obtained as a result of the functioning of the object.

2) internal profit rate (IRR) or discount coefficient;

De IRR – internal rate of return.

3) the profit rate is simple:

de NP- net profit, rub; R- Amount of hundreds of dollars for deposit capital, rub; I - out-of-pocket investment expenditures, rubles;

4) the rate of profit on share capital is simple:

de Q – share capital, rub;

5) coefficient of financial autonomy of the project (CFA):

de Z z - vlasnі koshti, rub; Z – position value, rub;

6) flow liquidity coefficient (Cl):

de Pro - the amount of current assets of the project, rub;

7) as an integral demonstrator, What characterizes the effectiveness of the innovative activities of an organization, maybe victorious robot performance coefficient (r):

de Rc - total expenses for completed robots accepted (recommended) for mastering in serial production; Qi- Actual expenditures on NDDKR for the i-th region; N- number of deaths in the analyzed period; H 1 - incomplete growth of the cob of the analyzed period in Vartisnomu; H 2 - then at the end of the analyzed period.

The system of indicators has been established and it is more one of the possible image and assessment systems, Everyone can and should be aware of changes in the world as the organization's strategy is shaped and transformed. It is no less important that the evaluation indicators be related to their innovative goals and act as a control tool at all key stages of innovative activity.

Innovation activity is a type of activity associated with the transformation of ideas - innovation of new improved products introduced into the market; in new and advanced technological processes, and in practical activities; we have a new approach to social services.

Innovation activity conveys a whole complex of scientific, technical, organizational, financial and commercial inputs.

The choice of the method of direct innovation activity of the enterprise depends on the resource and scientific and technological potential of the enterprise, the market, the life cycle stage of equipment and technology, the characteristics of the Galouze product zhnosti.

When designing, developing and promoting an innovative track, estimate the necessary expenses for their implementation, possibly for financing, assess the economic efficiency of promoting innovation, then To improve the effectiveness of various innovative ways of equalizing income and expenses.

List of references:

1. Schumpeter J. Theories of economic development. M.: Progress, 1982.

2.Bovin A.A., L.Ye. Cherednikova, V.A. Yakimovich. - management of innovations in the organization. 3 views, eraser – K.: Vidavnitstvo “Omega-L”, 2011. – 415 p.

3. Kotler F. Fundamentals of Marketing. St. Petersburg: Williams, 2006

4. Gershman M.A. Innovative management: head. additional help. – M.: Market DS, 2010. – 200 p.

5. Medvedev V.P. Innovation to ensure the competitiveness of the organization. – K.: Magistr, 2009. – 159 p.

6. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovative management: A handbook for people. 6th kind. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010. – 448 p.

Enter

In market minds, the management of innovative activity lies to a significant extent in the effectiveness of the emerging capabilities of the market middle and a clear system for planning enterprise resources, first of all - the economy new ones, when implementing innovative projects, which, in its turn, requires analysis of the possibilities of withdrawing financing, minds and methods of its implementation.

The relevance of the research. Managing current business in the minds of the globalization of the economy, and the development of industrial enterprises on a clearly new level, based on the growth of great innovation and information potential, and a complex process that includes the selection and implementation of a suitable set of managerial inputs by increasing the strategic task of securing the current financial and socio-economic development of enterprise The current tasks of development for industrial enterprises are the selection of effective innovative projects, the creation of a mechanism for the effective implementation of innovation strategies, the formation infrastructure to support scientific and technological activities, rationally promoting the scientific and technological potential of enterprises.

The method of further research is the theoretical development and development of tools for assessing the effectiveness of innovative activities in enterprises.

Obviously, before the task was set, the following tasks were set in the robot:

monitor the development of innovative activities in the enterprise;

development of theoretical aspects of assessing the effectiveness of investment projects with the understanding of existing methods for assessing efficiency indicators;

directly demonstrate detailed methods for assessing and improving the effectiveness of innovative activities of enterprises.

The subject of further investigation is the approaches and principles for assessing the effectiveness of innovative activities.

The object of investigation is the innovative activity of VAT "Tyazhmash".

The theoretical basis of the course work was the work of domestic and foreign authors on the problems of innovative management, strategic management of enterprises, planned creation and mastery of new technology in enterprises; economical assessment of the effectiveness of innovation and management of business finances. To confirm the results of the investigation, real data from the machine-building industry of the Defense-Industrial Complex were used.

The methodological basis of the investigation was formed by the provisions of system analysis; methods of economic analysis; methods of mathematical statistics; methods of accepting management decisions for unimportant minds.

innovation policy competitiveness personnel

1. Innovation and innovative activity of the enterprise. Substitute for the process of managing technological innovations

1.1 The essence and value of innovation and innovative activity

Innovation (eng. “innovation” - novelty, innovation, innovation) refers to the constant innovation in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, new forms of organization of production, production, maintenance and management. nnya. The concepts of “innovation”, “innovation”, “innovation” are often coined, although there is a difference between them.

Innovation means a new order, a new method, a new way, a new revelation. The word “innovation” literally means the process of innovation. From the moment of acceptance to expansion, an innovation develops new fruits and becomes a novelty (innovation). The period between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation in the innovation (innovation) is called the innovation lag.

The term “innovation” was first coined by Schumpeter in 1912. in the work “Theory of economic development”. Under the innovation, we understand the innovation, which is based on the technology of production and management of a government unit. Like Schumpeter, innovation is one of the main engines that generates profit. Most often, innovation is generated by scientific research and development and design developments, changing market prospects.

Over the next century or so, the world's economic development has seen the concept of “innovation” take on a broader role and now not only in relation to production technology, but also in organizational, financial and other areas. and methods that promote the functioning of the enterprise. Innovations are called innovations in the field of personnel management, cash management, trade policy, and the development of functional structures.

Innovation- the development of the results of scientific research and developments, direct to the thorough process of production, economic, legal and social contributions in the field of science, culture, education and in other areas of marriage activity. This term may have different meanings in different contexts, and the choice may be made for specific purposes of measurement or analysis.

Innovations are classified as low.

Classification of innovation for the sake of novelty.From these positions there appear to be radical (basic) innovations that lie before fundamentally new products; to reduce innovations that result in significant improvements in natural products, as well as innovations associated with the introduction of new or significantly advanced production methods.

Three reasons for blamesee reactive (adaptive) innovations that will ensure the survival of the company as a reaction to innovations being introduced by competitors; Strategic innovations are innovations, the implementation of which may be of a forward-looking nature as a way of snatching away competitive advantages from prospects.

There are two types of innovation in industry: product and process innovation. Product innovations- development and promotion of technologically new and technologically advanced products. Such innovations can be based on radically new or previously used technologies in a new technology, or on the results of research and development. Product innovation involves the development of completely technologically new and technologically advanced products. Process innovationinclude the development and implementation of technologically new and technologically significant production methods, including methods of transfer of products. Such innovations are usually aimed at increasing the efficiency of production and transfer of products already in use in the organization, but may also be used for the production and production of technologically new or advanced products And because they cannot be prepared or supplied using primary manufacturing methods.

The complex nature of innovations, their richness and diversity of areas and methods of development will require the development of their classification.

Table 1.1 contains a classifier of innovations, which allows us to evaluate them more specifically, more objectively, more comprehensively mark their effectiveness and indicate directly the innovation process, which results in a positive outcome bath or support, as well as reveal the heterogeneity of innovations and select methods of skin management from them that are adequate to the particularities skin innovation process. .

Table 1 – Classification of innovations

Classification mark Classification groupingArea of ​​innovation Management, organizational, social, industrial, etc. d.Stages of scientific and technological progress, the result of which were innovative Sciences, technical, technological, design, information Intensity levels “Boom”, even, weak, massive Pace of current innovation High, low, stable efficiency of innovation Economic, social, environmental, integral

Innovations that follow the stages of scientific and technical progress are also new, but also:

-technicalthe production products appear to be dependent on new and expanded authorities;

-technologicalblame for the stagnation of dyeing, thorough methods of production;

-organizational and managementrelated to the processes of optimal organization of production, transport, and supply;

-informationthe importance of organizing rational information flows in the sphere of scientific, technological and innovative activities, increasing the reliability and efficiency of information extraction;

-socialDirected to brighten the minds of people, solving problems of health, education, and culture.

Different types of innovation are closely interconnected and provide specific benefits to the innovation mechanism. Thus, technical and technological innovations, flowing into the place of production processes, immediately create the minds for management innovations, which make changes before the organization of production. A classification has been made to show that the innovations are different and different due to their character. However, the forms of organization of innovations, the scale and methods of their impact on the economy, as well as the methods for assessing their effectiveness may also differ from one another.

In this regard, financing of innovation in the enterprise includes capital (new shares, profits, depreciation and product comparability) and positional capital (loans, leasing, other resources, received from rotating and non-rotating base).

Innovative activity of the enterprise- this activity is aimed at obtaining the results of scientific research and development for updating the nomenclature and increasing the quality of its products, improving the technology of their production.

The innovative activities of the enterprise include:

-carrying out scientific research and design work from the development of innovation ideas, conducting laboratory research and preparing laboratory samples of new products;

-selection of necessary types of materials for the production of new types of products;

-design, production, testing and mastering of new technology;

-development and implementation of new organizational and management decisions aimed at the implementation of innovations;

-training, training, retraining of personnel;

-carrying out work or adding the necessary documentation for patenting and licensing.

Innovation is the result of creative entrepreneurial activity, which involves the participation of various businesses and the influence of external officials (sovereign influx, environmental and benefits, cooperation with other institutions, etc.). Innovation follows a life cycle that begins with the emergence of a new idea and ends with the promotion and acceptance of a new product on the market.

.2 Management of innovative activities of the enterprise

The main objective functions of management replace the process of innovation management and include the formulation of goals for innovative activities, planning innovation, organizing work and monitoring work to new innovations. The interconnection and logical sequence of the main functions in the innovation management process are presented in little 1.

Figure 1 - Interconnections between the main functions of innovation management

Formation of goals for innovative activities.The management process, based on principles, begins with the formation of a system of goals and the assignment of an innovative activity (or project) to a new period of time.

The goal of managed innovation- this is the necessary and necessary state of the innovative system in the planned period, expressed by the totality of characteristics. Any organization or activity can establish song development guidelines at a given time period. Thus, meta-organizations, on the one hand, are the result of forecasts and assessments of the situation, and on the other hand, they are the result of planning for innovative approaches.

Innovation planning. Planning as a function of innovation management lies in the structured formation of the main directions and the proportion of innovative activity according to the establishment of development goals, the possibility of resource security and obvious supply in the markets .

Organization of innovation.The essence of the function organizationWe are committed to ensuring the establishment of planned tasks through the implementation of a highly praised business development strategy. For this purpose, establish a warehouse of necessary resources and Vikonavians, divide the work, coordinate the work of Vikonavians at the hour, improve the cooperation of participants, ensure control and mutual information. The implementation of these tasks is carried out by creating the organizational structure of the enterprise, establishing the nature of the interactions between its elements and regulating the order and minds of their functioning. The current theory and practice of innovation management allows for a great variety of forms of organization of innovation. The essential signs for systematization and classification of types of organization of innovation are the design, form and methods of making organizational decisions (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Types of innovation organization

It is important to separate the organization of innovation processes in the open (who?) and the organization of innovation in the hour (how many?). The organization of innovative processes in space means the formation of an organizational structure of innovative processes, which corresponds to the nature and scale of the projects being implemented.

When organizing innovative activities, the scientific and scientific structure of the company is initially formed, and, similar to it, there will be an innovation management structure. The organizational structures of enterprises exhibit significant diversity. The choice of a specific organizational form depends on such objective factors as the scale of innovative activity, the breadth of the innovative profile of the company, the specifics of the products that are produced or services, and the level of cooperation and the repetition of the innovative cycle of operating activities.

Another task of organizing innovation is to combine all the elements of the innovation process. The most rational sequence of terms indicated above works in projects. The organization of innovation processes is often closely linked to the operational planning of innovation.

In innovation management, there are different forms of innovation organization. Concentrationcharacterizes the process of focusing the innovation profile of great innovative enterprises. SpecializationAs a form of organization, innovation is determined by the formation of organizational structures of the enterprise and is implemented by the way of demarcating its innovative profile, as well as assigning it to subsections of new types of work. h products. .

CombinationWhen organizing innovation, it manifests itself in the creation of a function based on the production of secondary production and innovative processes, based on the results that have already been removed or the secondary recovery of raw material, energy and material. ialiv.

Control as an objective management functioncompletes the management cycle of innovation and thus ensures the effectiveness of all other functions.

Before the control department enter:

collection and systematization of information about the state of innovative activity and its results;

-the assessment will be the result of activity;

-analysis of the causes and factors that influence the results of activity;

-preparation and implementation of solutions aimed at achieving development goals.

The system provides control over the function of the return link in the innovation management process: information flows are directly directed from the object to the subject of management. The following signs are of fundamental importance in the organization of control for enterprise: meta control, subject area, scale and form of control (Figure 3).

Figure 3 – Types of innovation control

Strategic control replaces the activity of senior management at the enterprise and transfers the vision, assessment and analysis of the results of development and implementation of a promising concept to the development of innovation.

Operational control becomes the place of activity of the most important middle and lower management for the enterprise.

All types of management control at the enterprise are divided into financial and administrative ones.

Financial control of innovation is oriented towards the final economic results of the enterprise's activities. Administrative control over innovation in enterprises also follows a hierarchical structure, but expands to ineffective parameters and innovation management. . The considered main functions of innovation management and the order of their operation reflect the underlying technological scheme of innovation management. However, they are necessary both within the framework of strategic and within the framework of operational management. The skin, with a pair of mutually interrelated objective functions, is a closed loop of management decisions that functions in the “goal-success” cycle. In the first circuit “meta-planning”, the planning process is completed in such a way that the transfer of input and planned resources will ensure that the development goals are achieved. At another stage in the “planning-organization” circuit, there is a search for such organizational decisions that would ensure the most effective implementation of planned targets. And we find that in the third circuit “organization - control”, the adopted organizational minds have continuous control over the progress of planned tasks and decisions, aimed at eliminating differences that arise.

2.1 Personal characteristics of the enterprise VAT "Tyazhmash"

.2 Analysis of the financial and government activities of the enterprise

VAT "Tyazhmash" is a great plant near the city of Sizran, which has been operating since 1943. During the post-war period, the plant began producing new diesel engines with a capacity of 40 and 80 liters. With. At the beginning of the fifties, the plant created the base model of the 6CH 12/14 diesel engine, various modifications of diesel generators of a constant and variable flow, main ship engines and diesel engines for driving various mechanisms. In parallel with the mastery of the production of these diesel engines, high pressure compressors are being produced.

Since the sixties, the production of diesel engines from gas turbine supercharging began 6H 12/14 from 80 to 180 liters. With. Born in 1976 In the 1980s and 1990s, industry developed, new technologies were introduced, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production were carried out, and 4H 10.5/13 diesel engines were produced; 6CHN 12/14; 6H 15/15, spare parts for them, folk goods, diesel generators. Diesels that are in production are reliable, quiet, with a long engine life, and can be used reliably in the tropics and at night.

In the beginning of 1995, the joint stock company Tyazhmash was converted into a joint stock partnership.

Until recently, the enterprise employed over 9,000 people. The intensity of production allowed the production of 14,000 diesel engines per river, operating in two shifts. Ale is now in crisis mode, the labor force is not at full strength, the number of workers as of 01/01/2007 was 1445 people.

VAT "Tyazhmash" specializes in the development, manufacturing, sale and maintenance of diesel engines and units based on them. The enterprise produces four-fueled diesel engines of various sizes with air-cooling, water-water cooling systems, with a wide range of modifications including configuration, parameters, automation stages, etc. up to 600 l. With. at a wrapping frequency of 1500 min. up to 3000 hv. revolutions of the collapsible shaft. Based on this nomenclature of diesel engines, diesel generator sets of 25 to 100 kW can be manufactured for stationary, transit and ship applications, both non-automated and automated, in different types 1 to 3. In addition to diesel engines and units, enterprises can produce spare parts for them and household goods, and enter into contracts for the repair and maintenance of diesel engines and generators.

The enterprise was initially insured for a serial type of production. The products were produced in large series, but now, due to the unstable financial situation and the number of large transactions, the enterprise switched to small-scale production, and several types of diesel engines are produced in a single series.

The territory occupied by VAT "Tyazhmash" contains 54 hectares, with industrial facilities - 290600 m 2. Business is located in the center of the place. It has its own highway, transport workshop, and its own fabrication base: chavunne, steel, color casting, hot stamping. The plant will be supplied with water from 4 artesian wells drilled on the territory of the plant.

The structure of the plant has two workshops for the provision of all types of energy resources and repair of the main energy assets: steam power and electrical repair shops. The plant has its own compressor station and power station "Dieselbud". Thermal energy is supplied by the steam boiler plant, which is produced on the territory of the plant.

The technological process of diesel production includes the following stages of production: procurement, processing, storage and testing.

At the procurement stage, we contain workpieces for diesel production, such as: packaging, stamping, injection molding, etc. Robots are finished in the brewery, forging and press shops, in the cold stamping department of the automatic turret shop, in the cold stamping shop and welded structures, in the procurement department, supply management, packaging and transport.

At the final stage of diesel engine production, robots are assembled and assembled in the mechanical, mechanical assembly, thermogalvanic, automatic turret shops, and in the combustion equipment shop. The final stage includes highly complex methods of manufacturing parts: cutting, thermal, chemical processing methods, welding, soldering, electroplating and varnish coating.

At the folding stage, around the parts, the components for the frames of the obvious places are collected from the ready-made engines - diesel engines. The folding process takes place in mechanical assembly shops (unit folding); in the workshops they are folded, tested and sold, in the warehouse and testing department and displayed on special stands.

Testing benches include control and testing operations that take place during the process of unit folding, and testing that is carried out at the testing stage.

Due to the extreme complexity and complexity of the product, the processing cycle is approximately one month.

A diesel engine consists of a large number of parts and assemblies. With practice, I screwed in the part Housing for the oil pump drive. The oil pump drive serves to transfer the winding to the oil pump shaft. The drive is installed on the front cover from the inside, centered behind it with a cylindrical protrusion and secured with pins.

The enterprise issued 7,091,840 shares with a nominal value of 0.25 UAH. per share the Statutory Enterprise Fund becomes 780 thousand. rub.

2.2 Analysis of the financial and government activities of the enterprise

Today, VAT "Tyazhmash" is the largest hydropower company in Russia by virtue of its profit. The remaining amount of revenue from VAT Tyazhmash was saved at approximately 11.2 billion rubles. (Div. table 1.). The company invests approximately 50-80 million dollars. The new property has the most technologically advanced equipment in Galusia.

In 2006 The enterprise delivered 60 AL-31F to China (estimated at 210 million dollars) and 20 AL-31FN (70 million dollars) under contracts in 2005, as well as a maximum of all AL-31F turbines to Venezuela (30 million dollars .) within the framework of the contract 2006r. for the supply of 24 hydroturbines Cy-30MK2V. Pevna of VAT "Tyazhmash" gives the right to independent export of spare parts and maintenance. Other hydropower enterprises of the Russian Federation do not have such a right.

The diversification strategy has not yet brought significant results - as of 2005. The share of huge production in the country became less than 12.7%. This is partially explained by the fact that VAT “Tyazhmash” began to deal with this topic quite recently, since 2002. and in the minds of the city there is a severe shortage of funds.

Table 1. Economic indicators of VAT "Tyazhmash" in 2006-2008.

Pokaznik200620072008Viruchka, billion rubles 11.0512.49.1Net profit. billion rubles 1.88 n/a 0.4 Profitability, % 17.0 n/a 4.4 Share of exports, % 68.575.3 n/a Share of civil products, % 17.53.3 n/a Number of personnel, people 15000 1495314729

Table 2. Rank of profits and surpluses for 2008 RUR (thousand rubles)

No. Item Code Store Behind the form of 2za Star perіod123401401viruchka (net) VID the sale of product, robit, OSH0109 143 32702 Sales, Products, Robit, Robit, Robit, Robit, Robit, 387123403valova Obetok94944 Vitrati040-06 Private ( Zbutok) VID Sale 050311 74207VIDSOTS TO OTARIMANNY06011 50208VIDSITS UNDERSTAND OF0701 596 39709 DISCOUSE OF SCREE OF ORGANY OF ORGANIA -10 Other income 09010 731 70511 Other expenses 10010 568 04112 Profits (overflow) before taxation (rows 050+060-070+080 deposits of tax assets 141764 30114 Deposits of taxes and duty 14276 14015 Current tax on profits 150-16 Submission sanctions 1516 79417 Net profit (surcharge) of the star period 190- 428 122

In 2008, 1,109,489 thousand in surplus were deducted. rub., The main reasons for this were:

low profitability of new types of products.

The company is going through a period of generational change in product types. Turbine products, which at times formed the basis of business, have entered the final stage of their life cycle. Implemented new promising programs are mostly at the stages of development and development (power plants) or have entered the initial stage of serial production (land and industrial programs, special products). As a rule, at these stages, newly created products are low-profitable, which entails significant financial costs at an early stage of the product’s life cycle.

The growth of parts of the NDDKR and the low profitability of these works.

A policy of intensive development and mastery of new types of high-tech products has been carried out simultaneously, not only directly for the reduction of power investment resources and positioning equipment, to lead to a significant increase in the share of NDDKR in the obligations of goods and sold products.

Table 3. Information about the size of net assets (thousand rubles)

№Pokaznik2006r.2007r.2008r. 1Clean assets 843 1029 567 1757 710 336 2Statutory capital3 983 6583 983 6583 983 658 3Reduction of net assets to statutory capital 2,222,41,94

The table shows the reduction of net assets to statutory capital in 2008. against 2006 shortened by 0.28.

Table.4. Social displays (thousand rubles)

No. Indicator For the current period1 Average number of workers (persons) 14 7292 Spend on payment of labor 3 275 1773 Average salary of workers (rub.) 18 529

The high investment volume of products ensures the consistency of product characteristics, which are divided and released to current customers and make them competitive in terms of technical and operational parameters.

Table 5. Capital investments in 2008

No. Directly vikoristannya Suma, yew. rub. Obsyag capital contributions of everything, including:2 362 7251Capital housing 285 8502Additional property 323 3453Additional vehicle transport 33 1414Development of information technologies8 9155NDDKR1 576 3016Purchase of land plots4 8887Insh and spent 130

The need to implement the great NDDKR program and technical refurbishment to ensure the development and production in series of current competitive high-tech gas turbine products at the expense of additional funds This power capital led to a wide decline in external financing in the form of financial deposits and investment loans liquidity (Table 6).

Table 6. Liquidity ratios

Name of indicatorNormative valueValue for 2007 rublesValues ​​for 2008 rublescob Rokukinets Rokucow Rokukinets RokuAutonomy coefficient>0,539,531,931,922,9Absolute liquidity coefficient i0.1…0.20.00 21,411,611,611.00 Global payroll coefficient > 20,990,990,990.90 Sales profitability,% Growth 1.23 .5 Profitability by net profit (net profit/net Viruchka * 100), % Gross 19.1 - 4.7

The profitability of the main activity of the partnership, although it has increased, is still at a low level. The negative financial result for the 2008 bank accounts was due to the high level of borrowing (credit build-up, increase in interest rates on loans).

2.3 Evaluation of innovative activities for businesses

One of the most important tasks of the innovative activity of VAT "Tyazhmash" is the creation and development of highly productive, reliable and economical turbines, which are assembled with a wide range of equipment to ensure safety, Comfort of minds will improve, and will lead to competitiveness in foreign markets.

The effectiveness of innovative activities for an enterprise depends on the financial capabilities of the enterprise and its innovative potential.

The innovative potential of enterprise is the totality of obvious benefits and opportunities for introducing new equipment, technologies, forms and methods of organizing production and working with the method of increasing efficiency and robotic enterprises.

The model of the potential of any enterprise is indicated by:

-obvious obligations and resources;

-assistance to staff in the creation of singing products;

-innovative capabilities;

-information characteristics;

-financial characteristics

The main warehouses of innovative potential are:

-obligations of financing innovative activities for businesses;

-scientific content of products;

-a number of practitioners engaged in innovative activities;

-plant for material and technical equipment of production.

The effectiveness of innovative activities is achieved by the correct management of expenses, while the effectiveness is determined by the relationship between the results and expenses.

Spend on innovation - spend on scientific research and development of new products and technological processes, on obtaining licenses for the production of wines, trade marks, rights to patents, non-patent licenses for know-how, benefits for the transfer of technologies ii, the results of scientific and technical developments.

The specific activity of the enterprise, focused on the commercialization of innovation, includes three groups of expenses.

Marketing expenses: identification of market opportunities (for new products and services); testing of new products (services); preparation of channels is in progress; advertising activity; training (retraining) of personnel will be carried out.

Spend on technological preparation of innovation:vykonannaya NDDKR (by government forces and/or from obtaining third-party organizations); purchase of technical documentation (know-how) and licenses for various results of research and development; spend on licensing (certification) of new products (services); addition of new equipment, materials, components and products; retraining (retraining) of military personnel.

Virobnichi costs:mastering the development of new equipment, materials, components and manufactured products; release of new (modernized) products.

Table 7 - Spending of VAT "Tyazhmash" on innovative activities (millions of dollars)

Exhibition name 2006200720082006/ 20072007/ 2008 Spend on innovative activities of VAT "Tyazhmash", including: 2022523 13927342114,4118,2 scientific research 8 new3 124.8addition of machines and equipment142971599317984112112,4addition of new technologies617491121,3123addition of software costs8199142122143,4vironmental design202224663516122142 ,6initiation and training of personnel81116137, 5145.4marketing research91217133.3141.7innovation activity management7291

The data in Table 7 shows that over 70% of the total amount spent on the innovation of VAT Tyazhmash goes directly to the addition of machines and equipment necessary for the introduction of new technological processes and the release of new products, as well as production e design, connected with technological equipment and organization of production. Thus, the current innovation in the enterprise will require us first to make capital investments in the renewal of fixed assets.

The types of expenditures characteristic of current scientific research occupy a much more modest place in the structure of expenditures on innovation. Spending on research and development of new products and technologies is on average less than 16% of total spending on innovation. Spending on new technologies, software features, personnel training, and marketing research is less than 5%. In 2006-2008, expenditures on air traffic management amounted to 2.6 to 2.8% of total expenditures on innovative activities.

Prote, the data in Table 7 shows that the rate of growth of expenses for innovative activities is high. Increased costs for innovative activities and the complex mental creation of new competitive products.

The enterprise has the opportunity to invest additional funds in innovative activities, resulting in increased income and additional financing from the funds of the innovation fund of the Ministry of Industry and the state budget. It should be noted that the cost is significantly less than that of leading European competitors.

Small picture 4 presents the dynamics of changes in the part of the skin structure of financing in the field of spending on innovative activities.

Figure 4 - Dzherela financing of innovative activities

There is an increase in the number of financial assets of enterprises that are being used for innovative activities, due to the shrinking of the financial sector of enterprises and the awareness of the need for innovation. vaccine development of virobnitstva.

In our opinion, the absolute value of expenditures is not a sufficient basis for assessing the intensity of innovative activity in an enterprise; more significant is the share of expenditures on innovations in the legal obligation of expenditures on innovation. research and sales of products - science-based. Malyunka 5 presents an equal change in the scientific content of the products of VAT "Tyazhmash" and other industrial enterprises.

Malyunok 5- Scientific content of products of VAT "Tyazhmash"

The scientific content of the products is at 2.3% and is low compared to the products of foreign European producers, however, it is equal to other enterprises of the Ministry of Industry, under I firmly believe that the plant is one of the leaders behind this indicator among the industrial enterprises of the republic.

In order to support innovative activities, there is a need for proper provision of fencing services. The number of personnel of design and technological services included in the VAT "Tyazhmash" engaged in research and development of new products and modernization of equipment is set for 2008. 216 people, over 70% of them are in the light, including 1 Doctor of Science and 9 Candidates of Science.

To increase the efficiency and improve the efficiency of the robots, design and technological services to the center in 2008. VAT "Tyazhmash" was equipped with 55 ARMs, which allowed the essential speed, first of all, of the development and technological preparation of the production of new models of equipment. In practice, a change has been made to implement the principle of parallel computer design, which allows, at the stage of the creation of a production facility, to develop technical processes and technological equipment, speeding up the preparation cycle for the production of new viruses. Which directly involves a lot of work with the further purchase and distribution of licensed software products to improve the efficiency of pre-design and technological robots. Nowadays, with the creation of new turbines and the development of new technological processes, computer technologies based on the two-dimensional AutoCAD package and the three-dimensional Unigraphics package are widely used. Dynamic analysis of the structure is available from the ADAMS package. p align="justify"> When developing electronic specifications, the IMAN PDM system is used, which will ensure the creation of an array of data for the automated production planning system, for the creation of the material and technical base of which more than 700 units have been poured into the plant’s services PC of zagalny purpose.

For the development of innovative products, there is a need for reliable material and technical support for production. As a result, the enterprise carries out progressive technical re-production. For this reason, both old money and money from a budget position are used. The results of the equipment update are presented in Table 8.

Table 8 - Indicators of modernization of technological equipment

Pokaznik Edinets vimiru 200620072008 Zalishkova vartіst technological possession: at the beginning of the rock million rubles 551557622361763374 at the end of the rock million. RUR 622361763374781450 Put on balance sheet. rokomln. RUR 316193254174937 Renewal coefficient up to 0.0070.0080.019 Taken from the balance sheet by rocuml. r.141102053748400Vibuta coefficient-t0.0030.0050.012Depreciation coefficient-t0.510.590.67

Despite the positive dynamics of technological equipment renewal, a large amount of worn-out equipment is saved. With the support of the factory workers, implementing the technical refurbishment program, VAT "Tyazhmash" can absorb approximately 60-70 million US dollars.

For this reason, the state allowed enterprises to eliminate the budgetary position for 2006-2010.

So to complete the situation that arose in 2009. VAT "Tyazhmash" plans to invest no less than N150 billion in technical refurbishment. Whose insurance company has a budget position of 40 - 60 billion rubles. R. for the purchase of daily high-tech equipment. Still close to 110-120 ml. adv. It is planned to send it from the highlands.

In addition to updating technological equipment, the enterprise carried out development and implementation of new technologies.

The introduction of new technological processes is carried out by reducing the cost of production of products, increasing the effective use of material costs and production funds. The development and introduction of new technological processes is carried out not only by the management of the head designer of the plant, but also in close cooperation with scientific organizations of the republic, such as BNTU, LLC "Promfiltr", DNU "Institute of Powder Metallurgists" ii".

Intensity of expenditure on innovationis calculated as expenditures on innovation to the production of products by innovatively active enterprises.

Feedback on product and process innovations in the industrial sector is presented on Malyunka 6

Figure 6 - Potential expenditures on product and process innovations in the global economy and expenditures on technological innovations in the industry

The most important indicators that characterize the effectiveness of innovative activities for the enterprise of VAT "Tyazhmash" are:

-commitment to advanced innovative products

-innovation cycle

The innovation cycle is a complex of operations that includes the main stages and results of the innovation process. This includes the implementation of scientific research and development activities through the development and development of ideas about new methods of satisfying everyday needs, the development of applied research and development activities through the materialization of scientific knowledge in new products, and the technological development of large-scale production. your products, their commercialization. At the VAT "Tyazhmash" the innovation cycle will become more than 5 rocks, and in order to equate it with the innovation cycle of the advanced manufacturers of agricultural technology, it becomes reasonable, as we see there are 10-20 rocks of them. However, we are not only in a position to speed up this development, but rather to increase it, the development, development and implementation of an innovative product takes perhaps 2 times more than an hour.

Figure 8 - Innovation cycle of European hydropower

The analysis will confirm that the enterprise has significant innovative potential, in addition, the core of the enterprise is ready to develop it by investing additional capital. Prote, the difficult financial situation that arose in enterprises in the 90s of the last century, and, as a result, the lack of funding for innovative activities allowed competitors from European countries It is important for the union to change the production of the plant at the same level of technology, so that it becomes stagnant.

In addition to the innovation cycle, the intensity and effectiveness of innovative activities in the enterprise is enhanced by the indicator of new products (mastered over the course of the remaining three years) c) in the global community of production of industrial products (%);

Thus, the production of new products from VAT "Tyazhmash" contributed to industrial production in 2006, becoming 16.5%, 2007-20.8%, and 2008-21.6%. Over the past three years, the number of new models of turbine equipment at VAT Tyazhmash has increased by a factor of 1.3.

To promote the innovative potential of VAT "Tyazhmash", then. The same intellectual power that has been accumulated for the enterprise, before it is put into public circulation (is not commercialized), it is recommended to conduct a technological audit for the enterprise.

A technology audit will help characterize the needs and assess the value of a business in an innovative manner from different points of view:

-positioning of products, identification of markets, which would support the competitive development of the company;

-technological areas that require the utmost respect: automation, information technology, packaging, etc.;

-problems of the global plan that will require innovative solutions: productivity, yield control, energy, ecology, flexibility, etc.;

-methods of technology transfer – innovation, technology partnership (nationally and internationally), technical assistance, intellectual property rights, finance, etc.;

-There were channels of innovation, innovations that needed to be developed: managers, post managers, technical centers, scientific organizations, etc.

Ways to improve the profitability of assets or their products: with low profitability of sales, it is necessary to accelerate the turnover of capital of these elements, however, the low business activity of the enterprise, which is indicated by for these and other reasons, may be compensated by lower costs for production of products or increased prices products, i.e. improved profitability of sales.

The enterprise will be able to increase profits for the purpose of increasing the profitability of the industrial-state activity and obtaining loans for profitable projects, thereby bringing high income to the enterprise.

Establishment of IT optimization of enterprise financing. By balancing between optimistic hopes and realistic plans, you can achieve success by cutting your IT budget without sacrificing the capabilities that technology provides, but instead, once again losing them.

3. Improving the effectiveness of management of innovative activities by conducting technological audits

1 Directly in-depth innovation activities at VAT "Tyazhmash" for additional technological audit

The main criterion for the enhanced innovation policy of VAT "Tyazhmash" is the creation of competitive products that meet all international standards, the most unified turbines produced Yes, then head to the market. Doctors, and, first of all, their assistants, the enterprise continues to work on mastering the development of new concepts. In addition, the development of innovative activities in general allows us to master the production of plows for all models that are being produced, as well as other complexes and other machines and mechanisms that can be re-equipped using sophisticated, highly productive technology, turn off the manual work of the workers.

The enterprise is steadily developing and improving the material and technical base of previous centers and laboratories. The scientific and technical center of VAT "Tyazhmash" is equipped with a complex of daily equipment and allows carrying out all types of testing and their units in accordance with all regulatory documentation of the Republic of Belarus, foreign countries and international authorities information, including compliance with the EU Directive and UNECE rules.

The products of VAT "Tyazhmash" are subject to obligatory certification in the national certification system, and are transferred to the national and international authorities of the EU countries.

It is extremely important to ensure the safety of high-quality competitive turbines, VAT “Tyazhmash”, to improve their frames, to a more sophisticated design, to solidify acid components, to introduce new technologies. installation, allow the release of jasmine sprouts.

The development of the information system of VAT "Tyazhmash" will allow virtual testing to be carried out on a computer, which involves the operation of turbines in real applications. For one cycle of natural testing, it is necessary to prepare 10 final samples. The value of one seed is 5-15 times the value of a serial virus. Carrying out computer tests to reduce the number of necessary final messages from 10 to 3 pcs. The financial savings of this official's staff amount to 3 million dollars.

The study of light data on the thoroughness of ID at enterprises made it possible to determine that the main directions of optimization can be the development of current information systems (CALS technologies) and the development of an innovative management system valuable activities within the framework of technological audit.

Therefore, the direct innovation policy of VAT “Tyazhmash” is relevant: conducting a technological audit, promoting and developing CALS technologies.

CALS technologies are a modern approach to the design and development of high-tech and science-based products that rely on modern computer technology and modern information technologies at all stages of life. new cycle of production, which will ensure new ways of managing processes and the interaction of all participants in this cycle: product managers, for postal suppliers/manufacturers of products, operating and maintenance personnel, is implemented in accordance with the possible system of international standards, which regulate the rules of designated interaction is important for additional electronic data exchange.

The use of CALS technology makes it possible to quickly complete project work; fragments of the inventory of many warehouse parts of equipment, machines and systems that were previously designed are saved in unified data formats of edge servers, accessible to any client. What is CALS technology? The number of problems of maintainability, integration of products to different types of systems and media, adaptation to changing minds of operation, specialization of design organizations, etc. is being greatly alleviated.

Technology audit is an operation of objective assessment of the potential of an innovation as an object of commercialization. Considering that the commercialization of technology is a tedious and expensive process, then, first of all, time and financial resources are wasted, it is necessary to evaluate the reality of selling an idea and making it successful. I don't care about a market product. The evidence of a technological audit at overseas enterprises shows that it allows us to achieve: a reduction in the cost of the pipeline; change in the production of products with reduced viscosity; improving the durability of products; production of a wide range of products, including the introduction of new types of germs; reduction of pet waste and energy, which leads to a change in product quality; change of negative flow to dovkillya; increased obligations of production; the company has an action plan.

Before conducting a technology audit, it is necessary to assess the commercialization of innovation. After commercialization of an innovation, a thorough technological audit is carried out.

Below we outline and describe the scheme of stages that will be carried out during a technological audit (TA).

Also, the first stage is aimed at measuring, obtaining, and evaluating the results of the TA; preliminary assessment of the needs of RUE "MTZ" and selection of procedures (methods) for carrying out TA: formal questionnaires, interviews, focus groups.

Another stage. Conducting TA is consistent with the same methodology and tools for collecting information.

At this stage, information about the business is collected (the rate of sleep, the number of workers, turnover, scientific research work, the number of patents, participation in national and European European projects too)

Awareness of the production facility (production and production), equipment (warehouse, production, production, technical plant, service organization), technology (route and operation), procurement, technological organization ї preparation of production, organization of ensuring the functioning of production etc.

The assessment is based on the ownership, tools, technology, workpieces, production organization, etc., which can ensure the achievement of the delivered mark given by VAT "Tyazhmash". Selection and expert assessment of options.

Third stage. Comprehensive information about the implementation of TA, a clear formulation of the needs: problems (problems) / tasks that need to be resolved;

Sound includes:

a short description of the task;

a systematic description of existing production and basic design solutions (as a new production project is subject to audit);

assessment (enlarged) of necessary investments and terms of investment costs, assessment of terms of return on investment (as technically possible);

the propositions of the long-term program work, directly on the reach of the target that stands in front of VAT "Tyazhmash";

propositions as to the sights and obligations of the work that can be taken on by companies and facists who take part from the TA;

proposals and technical materials with equipment, tools, equipment, etc., which can be recommended before the effective shutdown of VAT "Tyazhmash".

Fourth stage. Analysis (SWOT) of TA results and preparation of recommendations for action plans. Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses will help BAT “Tyazhmash” understand the history and current position of the business on the market, including the reasons for its successes and failures.

The results of the work with TA VAT "Tyazhmash" are followed by the development of a long-term strategy for achieving goals in the "road map" format. Such a map will be based on a number of intermediate technical milestones (milestones - “kilometer milestones”) and will be covered by a term of 2.5 rocks or more, wanting this term to lie with a specific technology.

When the program is running, it sees priorities based on the available resources and the task that faces it with the release of products.

On the platform of the work program, VAT "Tyazhmash" develops detailed work plans for its subdivisions, plans for acquisition of equipment, development of technology, equipping with tools and equipment, development of infrastructure, "development" of "higher education institutions" b".

In the detailed plans of VAT "Tyazhmash" the terms, the amount of investment and investment for specific program items are determined.

To identify specific points of the production plans of VAT "Tyazhmash" it may be possible to obtain companies and facists who have produced robots from TA, parts of the stink are already known from the existing problems of this production and can be shortened In order to help VAT "Tyazhmash" at its highest level.

Sixth stage. Coordinated implementation of the action plan: preparation of technological queries/propositions, searches for partners, conducting marketing surveys, etc.

The implementation of a technological audit requires additional costs, and the effect of its implementation significantly outweighs them.

The results of a properly conducted audit at VAT Tyazhmash include:

-a new comprehensive analysis and assessment of the needs of enterprises for its ongoing development;

-objective analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of business development;

-the ability to explore new types of products/services/technologies/markets;

-perhaps an assessment of the technology portfolio, intellectual property rights;

-research and identification of possible financing mechanisms;

-preparation of information for innovative measures and technology transfer measures by searching for opportunities/partners for technological development;

-getting to know new financial resources.

3.2 Promotion of elements of CALS technologies at VAT "Tyazhmash"

In the remaining years, the need for the development of enterprises in domestic and foreign markets is the integration of information technologies to support all stages of the life cycle of products, i.e. h. CALS technologies. The use of CALS technologies will ensure a reduction in the waste of the fermentation cycle, a reduction in wastage and an increase in the quality of products. The minimum cumulative effect of CALS technology is estimated at 30%. For enterprises that produce such complex and scientifically advanced aircraft engines, developed using CALS technologies, this can lead to significant costs both externally and internally. markets

Elements of CALS technologies that are planned to be implemented at VAT Tyazhmash to support the upcoming main stages of the product life cycle:

design and construction robots;

technological preparation of production;

production of products;

testing;

service and repair,

as well as financial and economic activities, business management and marketing.

When carrying out design and development work, current computer technologies are used to complete tasks such as thermal and value development (ANSYS), gas dynamics and mining processes (STAR-CD), trivial modeling (UNIGRAPH ICS) and preparation of passenger documentation (Autocad). All robots are conformed to all ISO 9000 standards, design management and documentation preparation are computerized.

The decision, to be sure, is to allow the computer layout of the engine and its components to be designed (this procedure was previously carried out on the material part and was associated with costs for the preparation and processing of non-personal parts, as well as fittings of the engine on both sides) kti). The work will be organized according to a boundary architecture with a clearly defined hierarchy of tasks and automated work stations. After completion, the designer will carry out control of parts and assemblies that are created at other work stations, connecting them to the warehouse unit, which also includes hundreds of items. The central design stations will be equipped with powerful work stations that will allow you to work with graphic files of large sizes. Along with such powerful stations, there are grouped distributors of universities with simpler graphical systems of operational cards with sketches (SITEP, TECHNOPRO, TECHCARD packages);

At the testing stage The aircraft engines are planned to be equipped with the following specialized software and hardware systems: Automated control system for testing of viruses; The heating system has been automated using the technological process of testing combustion chambers; Automation complex for vibrodiagnosis of AMD (package Dynamics ); Plastic bag Development of virus parameters .

At the stage of operation and repair, various types of information technologies are used to deal with such robots as the appearance of the park and defects of the machines, the appearance of the manufacturing process, as well as the nature of the delivery of the equipment to the plant, their flow, enhancement and investigation .

Coordination and management functions are planned to be supported at VAT “Tyazhmash” by the information and computing center (ICC) , The main task is to maintain data on the warehouse of viruses, materials and parts, human resources, standards and labor. At the same time, the IOC is an in-house Internet connection provider, which allows for prompt contacts both with the branch in the middle of Russia and with partners beyond the cordon. The IVC is fragmented and the following automated subsystems are being developed, such as: subsystems for managing access control, personnel and wages, a warehouse subsystem, a subsystem for planning the supply of basic materials, a subsystem for the production of products, as well as a computer 'Uthern programs that have special tasks in various branches of the enterprise.

The implementation of CALS for enterprise transfers, simultaneously, the reorganization of its information infrastructure. Such a reorganization does not have to be revolutionary - however, it is necessary to take maximum advantage of what is already evident in the production of automation systems.

The implementation of programs for the development and introduction of elements of CALS technologies at VAT “Vazhmash” at all the main stages of the life cycle of a hydraulic engine will allow us to create an effective management system for the enterprise as a Research and Development Center.

3.3 Innovative system of personnel training and advanced training of personnel

At the enterprise, it is planned to create a Center for accelerated training of robot workers, starting new specialties that are especially required by the industry - grinders and CNC machine operators, programmers.

The basis of the program is the continuous cycle of training of a young teacher, starting with basic professional education and ending with post-graduate education. School graduates enter prior to the basic and secondary vocational training, specialized in business, and then undergo training in specialties in which the business is specialized. The study establishes a trilateral agreement-contract between itself, the lighting installation and the enterprise. Subject to this agreement, the enterprise pays an additional educational stipend, provides material and technical assistance to the lighting installation (seeing qualified facists, labor resources and a place for removing practical beginners in work) and practical training after completing the initial lesson. At the same time, the student is obliged to perform work at the enterprise along the lines stipulated in the contract.

By applying for a job after completing the lighting installation, the young specialist has the opportunity to advance his qualifications in internal entry-level training courses. Advanced qualifications transfer theoretical and practical employment from validated target training programs under the supervision of highly qualified specialists and business instructors. At the enterprise, together with SAMGTU, it is planned to organize an Institute for the purposeful training of facists in hydropower engineering. On the basis of the ICPS, it is planned to open branches of wired technical VNZ places in Moscow, which will allow young workers not only to advance their qualifications, but also to obtain a new light without a lot of hassle. d vyrobnitstva, including i for daily full-time training.

It is planned to introduce a proposal for the creation of a resource center on the basis of VAT "Tyazhmash" for the vocational training of labor workers of the early and middle ages. The project is currently in progress and may be completed before the end of 2010, including the development and confirmation of the regulatory framework created by the resource center, the improvement of material and technical support for initial processes, the purchase of new equipment, optimization This is due to the unification of initial programs.

On the territory of the enterprise it is planned to hold competitions of professional skill among workers. The purpose of such approaches is to speak out about the importance of the working professions, to promote the prestige of the working person in marriage. Even the majority of the country’s material wealth is created by its own working hands.

3.4 Economical implementation of innovation

For economical implementation of innovation, it is necessary to equalize the expenditure on its implementation with the transfer of results.

The implementation of innovations should be carried out quickly:

-spending on design by 25%;

-hour of introducing new products to the market by 55%;

-innovation cycle by 35%;

-spend 40% on the preparation of technical documentation;

-spend 25% on disaggregation of operational documentation;

-the efficiency and complexity of technical preparation of production during the mastered production of new products is 50%;

-part of the love, obligation and design changes in the design and production process in the average by 45-50%;

-spend on sales by 5 – 10%;

-spend 50-80% on operation and repair of inverters.

Therefore, the successful implementation of the project at VAT “Tyazhmash” will be able to achieve not only a comprehensive system for managing technological innovations, but also to achieve significant savings on these costs (Table 9).

Table 9 – Savings in expenses of VAT “Tyazhmash” for managing innovative activities

Indicatoryears 2010201120122013Initial expenses for ID management, million rubles 567612742567Initial expenses for TA, million rubles108000% savings2252015savings11.34153148.485.05

Since the effect of the project is long-term, it is necessary to pay attention to the official time in the appearance of discounting. The discount factor is determined using formula 3.1.

de at - discount coefficient; - discount rate (discount rate);

t – serial number of the time-hour interval for income deduction.

?0=1/(1+0,18)0=1;

?1=1/(1+0,18)1=0,85;

?2=1/(1+0,18)2=0,72;

?3=1/(1+0,18)3=0,61;

Analysis of foreign companies confirms that the effect of carrying out innovation appears at another stage of the project and finally reaches the fourth stage, in which the effect increases over the months. Table 10 shows the breakdown of the results of the implementation of the investment project by fate.

Table 10 - Cost and effect of project implementation (millions of dollars)

Rik to the projectEffect of the project Discounted effectExpenditure on the projectDiscounted expenditure200911,3411,341081082010153130,0502011148,4106,80201285,0551,90Result397

To assess the commercial effectiveness of a project, the following indicators are used: payback term (PP), investment profitability index (PI).

The term of return on investment is the minimum hourly interval, starting from each initial investment and other expenses associated with the implementation of the investment project, are covered by the total results herein. Yes. The main shortcoming of the term of aggregation is that it does not cover the entire period of operation of the investment and, therefore, does not include all the returns that lie in the term of aggregation.

Therefore, the indicator of the payback term is not so much an evaluative indicator of the effectiveness of the investment as it is the appearance of the cost when a decision is made, since the payback term for the project is greater, less the cost is accepted, it also includes There is a list of possible investment projects.

The term return on investment is the number of days it takes for an investment to turn into net income. In the course project, the algorithm for developing the term of aggregation lies in the equality of the division of the planned discounted income received from the investment.

Over the course of 4 years, as a result of the end of the project, profits could be withdrawn from the total amount of N1183.76 million. This is not enough to completely cover the deposits. The rotation is lost 1265.25 -1 183.75 = 81.5 million.

Profits from the project in the fourth quarter amount to 464.23 million UAH.

Therefore, the payback term becomes: 4 + 167.27/464.23 = 4.36 rocks, which means that it is necessary to further assess the effectiveness of the investment project.

Net flow rate is the difference in discounting at the moment of showing income and investment expenditures (capital investments). Rozrahunok take a look at the formula:

de – net flow rate of the investment project, rub.;

There are a number of risks through which investments generate income;

- river income from investments in the region t, rub.;

Investment capital that is invested in the company t, rub.;

Discount coefficient at the rate of t, parts of the same;

Table 11 looks at the dynamics of change in net flow rate.

Table 11 - Net production output (millions of years)

Rik to the projectDiscounting effectDiscounted costsNet flow rate200911.34108-96.62010130.05130.052011106.8106.8201251.951.9At once300.0910819 The positive value of net present value means that the project is effective and can generate profits.

Investment profitability index - the ratio of the amount of discounted income to current investments:

de PI – investment profitability index; t – discounted income, million rubles; – investment amount, million rubles;

PI=1343.76/1265.25=1.06

A project whose profitability index is worth one is considered effective. Based on the obtained result, you can earn a profit so that investing money in the project will bring us more income, less than a bank deposit.

Internal rate of return (IRR) - this is the discount rate for which the amount of income from the ongoing activities of the enterprise in the process of project implementation is related to the introduction (discounting) of capital investments. The internal rate of return characterizes the maximum return that can be extracted from a project. the rate of return on capital investments for which the net discounting income of the project is zero. A graph that shows the storage of net discounted income in the form of a multi-hundred rate is presented in Fig. 9.

Figure 9 - Length of NPV as a discount rate

For innovations at VAT Tyazhmash, the internal profitability rate becomes 31.3%. The remaining increase in the cellular rate by 17.3% in the next five years is very low, then. This investment project can be considered stable until the interest rate on bank loans changes.

The most insured indicators testify to the completeness of the implementation of the investment project through the implementation of the innovative VAT "Tyazhmash".

Visnovok

The development and modernization of the domestic economy is the basis for increasing the goodwill of the country, increasing the independence and role of the region in the international arena. The innovative development of the economy conveys increased competitiveness of enterprises, its adaptation to new minds of government, and an increased pace of modernization.

Ensuring a high level of scientific and technological development of the region, reducing the results of innovative activities of enterprises requires the creation of minds for making structural changes in the economy, increasing the obligations of Innovation of the innovation sphere, government regulation and encouragement of innovative processes, development of effective forms of managing new developments, increasing competitiveness and quality of agricultural products virobniki. In connection with this, there is a growing need for effective management of innovative activities, selection and implementation of strategies for the development of enterprises. Improvement of forms and methods of organization and management of innovative activities is aimed at activating innovative activities, strengthening the focus of enterprises on the drinking of associates, so that change and improve the competitiveness of products.

Meta course work was carried out at the developed VAT "Tyazhmash" and the infusion of innovative activities into the effectiveness of the development of this enterprise.

For this purpose, a new analysis of the economic situation was carried out and the activity of VAT "Tyazhmash" was assessed in 2006-2008. from the analysis of TEP robots of enterprise. The analysis showed that all the most important technical and economic indicators are followed by persistently positive dynamics: sales revenue increased by 47%, sales revenue by 30%, and the profitability of production plants Your productivity grew by 3.4%, productivity increased by 37%. In addition, according to the assessment of financial activity in 2009, VAT "Tyazhmash" is not aware of the shortage of goods. The influx of costs of VAT "Tyazhmash" in 2009. warehouse 3,457,255 million krb. Vіdtik koshtiv VAT "Tyazhmash" 2008 r. becomes 3,450,804 million rubles.

During the analysis process, special respect was given to the innovative activities of the enterprise. The results of the analysis confirm that the enterprise is engaged in active innovation activities. It is important that most of the work is carried out directly at the scientific and technological center, created in accordance with the principles of enterprise, which has close cooperation with the scientific and advanced institutions of the republic. Due to the evidence of the scientific nature of the product, the enterprise is one of the leaders in the pharmaceutical industry, and naturally goes to the leading European manufacturers of technology.

Analysis of the course project, allowing us to determine that the main ways to improve the management of innovative activities of VAT "Tyazhmash" can be the introduction of current information systems (CALS-technologies) and the development of an innovation management system Industrial activities within the framework of technological audit.

The total river economic effect from the accumulated inflows is 464.23 million.

Thus, we can say with success that VAT “Tyazhmash” is a great example of effective organization of innovation policy and alignment with the goals of increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and growing of its products.

List of references

Abramov A.M., Akimova O.M., Microeconomics: Lecture notes - M.; Vidavnitstvo MGOU, 2005 – 65 p.

Ackoff R. Planning for the upcoming corporation. M: Sirin, 2008.

Bagrinovsky K.A., Bendikov M.A., Khrustalov E.Zh. Mechanisms of technological development of the Russian economy: macro- and mesoeconomic aspects/M., Nauka, 2006. P. 216.

Baryutin L.S. Fundamentals of innovation management. Theory and practice: Pidruchnik; per ed. A.K. Kazantseva, L.E. Mindeli. 2nd view. overworked ta add. – M.: ZAT “Vidavnitstvo “Economics”, 2008. – 518 p.

Varshavsky A.I., Makarov V.L., Innovative management in Russia: nutrition of strategic management and scientific and technological security / M., Nauka, 2006. pp. 70-72.

Gas turbine installations. Atlas of designs and circuits, M., 2007

Dorofeev V.D., Dresv'yannikov V.A. Innovative management: Head. Pos_bnik - Penza: 2007. 189 p.

Kachalov R.M. Management of the Gospodar's rizik. M.: Nauka, 2008.

Leiner G.B. “Strategic planning and development of enterprises” – M.: CEMI RAS, Kviten 2008. – P. 155

Christensen Clayton M. The current problem of innovation in business; Prov. from English - M: Alshina Business Books, 2007.-290 p.

Likhachov M.O. World economy. Lecture notes. – M., 2006. – 167 p.

Likhachov M.O. Economic history. Lecture notes. - M.: MGOU, 2006. - 129 p.

Maslenikova N.P. Zheltenkov A.V. Management in the innovation sphere: Basic textbook for universities. – M., 2005 r. – 536 p.

Meskon M., Albert M., Khedouri F. Fundamentals of management. M.: Prava, 2008. P. 139.

Meshkov N.A. Business planning: lecture notes. -M.: Vidavnitstvo MGOU, 2007. – 120 p.

Meshkov N.A. Research on keruvanny systems: lecture notes. – M.: Vidavnitstvo MGOU, 2007. – 120 p.

Molchanova O.P. Innovative management: Handbook for universities; M.: Vita-Press, 2008. – 272 p.

Prikhodko V.I., Lyashko F.I., Innovative management in aviation: Basic handbook. – Ulyanovsk: UlSTU, 2008. –70 p.

Skibina V.A., Solonina V.I. Naukovy deposit at the building of engines/M., Mashinobuduvannya, 2008. p.

Slov'ev V.P. Innovation activity as a systemic process in a competitive economy M. – Kiev: Phoenix, 2006. – 560 p.

Trenev N.M. Strategic management. M: Prior, 2007.

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Course work on the topic

Efficiency of innovative activities of enterprises

Enter

1.4 Classification of innovations

Literature

Enter

Possible ways to create a friendly innovation climate in the Ukrainian economy began actively in the early 1980s even before the collapse of the Radyansky Union. It has already become obvious that the mechanisms of “promotion” of the results of research and development, that the functioning, ineffectiveness, innovative activity of enterprises is low, and the middle century of the production economy has steadily declined Shuvavsya, reaching 1990 rocks 10.8 rocks.

Z, that hour, the Bull is brought low by the sovereign conceptual regulatory, the stimulus of the іnnovatsyno, shallow, shallowed by the mechanism of the sovereign fіnnanovani, including the barn infrastructure іnnovatsky. The main problem so far is the disconnection of connections between the main participants in the innovation process (innovators and innovation developers), lack of information clarity and therefore low motivation both before development and before financing innovative.

In official statistics, technological innovation refers to the final results of innovative activities that took away from the appearance of a new or improved product or service introduced into the market, a new or a specific technological process or a method of generating (transferring) services that is related to practical activity. In addition, when a significant innovation is developed, all the characteristics of this process must be formalized. At this time, there is no single approach to the implementation of innovative activities, just as no extensive research has been carried out on the enterprises and organizations in which innovations were being pursued. The original assessments of innovative activity are based on sample conditions of greater or lesser latitude, and this explains the often super-reliability of their results.

An innovative enterprise is one that produces product or process innovations, regardless of who is the author of the innovation - the practitioners of that organization or external agents (called Current government officials, banks, representatives of federal and local authorities, scientific research organizations and technology providers, other enterprises )).

Thus, meta prices are the dates of announcement of the innovative activities of enterprises. And the main task is to understand the essence of innovation, identify the types of innovation, and also look at the influx of innovative activity into the development of enterprise.

Chapter 1. Innovation activity: concept and classification. Floating on the virobnitstvo

1.1 Innovations, their economic essence and meaning

The terms “innovation” and “innovations” are differentiated. Innovation, in a broader sense, is not innovation.

Innovation is a complex process of creation, expansion and development of new ideas, which leads to increased efficiency of business. In this case, innovation is not just an object of innovation in production, but an object that is successfully introduced and brings profit as a result of scientific research or developed production, clearly superior to the previous analogue a.

Scientific and technical innovations must be viewed as a process of transformation of scientific knowledge into a scientific and technical idea and further - the production of products to satisfy the needs of the consumer. In this context, one can see two approaches to scientific and technological innovation.

The first approach emphasizes the product orientation of the innovation. Innovation is enhanced by the transformation process for the release of finished products. This will directly expand during the period if the position of the employee is definitely weak. Prote by power forces, the products are not a complete meta, depriving you of satisfying your needs. Therefore, from a different approach, the process of scientific and technological innovation is seen as a transfer of scientific and technical knowledge directly to the sphere of satisfying the needs of the employee. The product is then transformed using technology, and the form it takes is determined after linking the technology with the consumer that satisfies it.

Thus, innovations, first of all, may bear the market structure of satisfying the needs of residents. In other words, any innovation will always be seen as a complex process that brings about changes of both a scientific and technological, economical, social and structural nature. Thirdly, in innovation the emphasis is on rapid innovation in a practical manner. Fourthly, innovations can provide economic, social, technical and environmental benefits.

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be done in a successive manner, during which the innovation evolves from an idea to a specific product, technology, service, and expands into practical applications. vikoristannya. The innovative process of directing products, technologies or services to the existing markets takes place in close unity with the middle ground: its directness, pace, and purpose lie within the socio-economy The complete middle in which it functions and develops. Therefore, only on the innovative path will the development of the economy be possible.

Innovation activity - this activity is aimed directly at the development and commercialization of the results of scientific research and developments for the expansion and updating of the nomenclature and the improvement of the quality of products that will be sold, improved technologies for their preparation with further advancement and effective implementation in domestic and foreign markets.

Innovation can be viewed as:

process;

System;

Zmina;

Result.

Innovation has a clear focus on the final result of an applied nature, and can be seen as a complex process that will ensure a significant technical and socio-economic effect.

Innovation changes forms in its development (life cycle), emerging as an idea before being implemented. The progress of the innovation process, or anything else, is determined by the smooth interaction of rich officials. The success of this type of entrepreneurial practice and other variants of forms of organization of innovative processes is determined by three factors:

Dovkill's camp (political and economic situation, type of market, nature of competition, practice of state-monopolistic regulation, etc.);

The state of the internal middle of this state system (the visibility of the leader-entrepreneur and the support team, financial and material and technical resources, stagnant technologies, the size of the organizational structure , internal culture of the organization, connections with the external environment, etc.);

Specificity of the new innovation process as an object of management.

Innovation processes are viewed as processes that permeate all scientific and technical, manufacturing, marketing activities of manufacturers and, ultimately, focus on satisfying the consumer market. The most important mental success of innovation is the presence of an enthusiastic innovator who has a new idea and is ready to do his best to implement it into life, and a leader-entrepreneur who knows the investment , having organized production, pushing a new product onto the market, taking on the main risk and implementing your commercial interest.

Innovations form the market for innovations, investments form the market for capital, innovations form the market for competition of innovations. The innovative process will ensure the advancement of scientific and technical results and intellectual potential for the development of new products (services) and the maximum increase in delivered value.

1.2 Innovation process as an object of management

The innovative process can be seen as a clear combination of its final product and the traditional processes and structures as a means of its implementation without any underlying conditions change (example - the release of a technical virus that does not replace the production of existing viruses, but complements them) . Managing this simplest type of innovation process comes down to the allocation of resources to ensure the process and the creation of additional incentives for the participation of systems and services in this process. Recognizing the value of the new concept and idea ultimately calls for a change in Dovkill. Core, core function - this is the importance of innovation in support of output. Apparently, these outputs do not have social and economic value, as they do not form the basis of innovation. The second revision will be due until it is updated. It’s important to clarify the topic: before the first generation of innovation, new discoveries, innovations, ideas are introduced that are first promoted by innovators, which capture the primary advantage and are often financed from centralization jerel; Before innovation of a different kind, there are findings, know-how, ideas and insights that are being re-introduced by imitators, then. Such new products are no longer new in the world. Just as innovations of the first kind are a liability for all enterprises, innovations of a different kind are a liability for all, and they are more often financed with the help of credit instruments in venture capital and other forms. The author of the new technology, then. innovator, based on such criteria as uniqueness and novelty; and the imitator - from such criteria as the life cycle of production and its economic efficiency.

Uniqueness can only be achieved in the event that the enterprise personnel have knowledge, original knowledge and skills in this industry. Innovation is extremely important for organizations that sell licenses. With the influx of current changes, trends and processes such as technology and economics, new needs are being formed that can be satisfied through the visible results of people's activities. Problems arise that may not be possible without the construction of new processes and viruses, new organizational forms, etc. always the innovative activity of people, which becomes a substitute for any innovation.

1.3 Structure of the innovation process

In a dynamic plan, then. In fact, the structure of the innovation process can be represented in this way:

1) identification of a problem situation (imitation of innovation);

2) formulating the goals of innovation;

3) analysis of the current situation (diagnosis of the problem of the organization and its surrounding element);

4) praise for the decision about the completeness of the development of innovation of this type;

5) development (design) of innovation;

6) convenience and approval of the innovation project;

7) preparation of the object before innovation;

8) victorious innovation;

9) assessment of the actual effectiveness of the innovation;

10) old.

Controlling the transition from one operation of the innovation process to another is an active tool for managing the process of promoting innovation. The success of innovation is significantly indicated by the level of ease of carrying out a logical operation, especially on their sticks, and which should lie ahead of us due to the convenience of the related parts during the transition to From one operation to another and, therefore, depending on the complexity of the organization, the successive operations are completed. After the economical development of innovation, first, and in other enterprises, there follows a phase of effective growth, which is characterized by gradual stabilization of costs and growing effect It is important with the additional growth of obligations and innovations. What is important here is the actual economic effect of innovation. The final phase of the life cycle of innovation is aging.

1.4 Classification of innovations

For greater efficiency in innovative activities, a classification of innovations is used. The need for classification, then. The totality of the innovations, with these and other signs on the main groups, is explained by the fact that the choice of an innovative object is a very important procedure, which then sums up the entire innovation value activity, which will result in increased production efficiency, expanded range of science-based products and increased obligations .

The classification of innovations into separate groups is based on the following symbols.

Behind the sign of innovative innovation there are two groups: dry and strategic. Our innovative group will ensure the necessary level of competitiveness of production and products based on the introduction of similar innovations as a way to protect ourselves from competitors. Strategic shapes promising advantages in competitive struggle. In terms of the subject and area of ​​innovation, there is a distribution of innovations in products (new products and materials), markets (new areas of similar products, the possibility of implementing innovations in new markets), processes (technologies, new methods and organization and management of production).

The level of novelty and innovation is reflected in:

Non-standard groups of innovations, which include a new product produced on the basis of a newly developed technical solution that has no analogue;

Enhance new products or technological processes, developed on the basis of the latest achievements of the scientific and technological process, and ensure thorough technical and operational characteristics equal to those of existing analogues;

Modifications are innovations that expand the performance capabilities of a product or technological process.

Based on the nature of demand satisfaction, innovative groups are identified by innovations that satisfy new needs that have emerged in the market.

Depending on the scale of expansion, innovations can be basic for young galusa, which produce a single product, or be widespread in all galusa commercial production.

Regardless of the complexity of the subject of innovation, its skin treatment is even individual and unique. Nowadays it is important to classify innovation and, obviously, the subjects of innovative enterprise. Let's take a look at their actions. G. Mensch saw three great groups of innovations: basic ones, which can be expanded and pseudo-innovations. Basic innovations, in their own way, are divided into technological (which create new trends and new markets) and non-technological (changes in culture, management, public services). The collapse from one technological stalemate to another is expected, in Mensch’s opinion, to lead to a transition from basic innovations to advanced ones and then to pseudo-innovations.

A detailed and original typology of innovations is given by O.I. Prigozhinim. We classify innovations according to the type of innovation (material, technical and social innovations), the mechanism of development, and the features of the innovation process. A.I. Prigozhin’s centuries in science are substitutive, which relate to innovations, retro-innovations, single, diffuse, internal, inter-organizational and others. We have separated the concepts of “innovation” and “innovation”. Innovation, according to the thought of A.I. Prigozhin is the subject of innovation; innovations occur in different life cycles; Innovation is design, design, preparation, development, antiquity. Innovation means origination, diffusion, routinization (the stage when innovation is “implemented in stable elements that function steadily, such as related objects”).

The greatest (basic) innovations are the implementation of the greatest results and become the basis for revolutionary revolutions in technology, the formation of new directions, the creation of new goals. Such innovations require a lot of time and great expenditures for their development, in order to ensure a national-state effect that is significant on an equal and scale, but stinks are not expected to appear soon;

Great innovations (on the basis of similar products) are forming new generations of technology within this framework. They are implemented in a shorter term and with less investment, less major (basic) innovations, and a reduction in technical level and efficiency at the same level;

Major innovations implement the same level of output and are the basis for the creation of new models and modifications of this generation of technology to replace outdated models with more effective ones or expand the scope of stagnation oh generation;

Other innovations - to improve the vibratory or auxiliary parameters of equipment models that are produced on the basis of a variety of different inputs, which leads to either more efficient generation of these models or improved efficiency activity of their vikoristannya.

M. Volker sees these types of innovations as dependent on the stage of development of scientific knowledge and widespread stagnation in them:

1) based on extensive fundamental scientific knowledge and widely established in various areas of legal activity (for example, EOM, etc.);

2) also research scientific research, which may limit the sphere of stagnation (for example, chemical production devices);

3).

4) what is included in a combination of different types of knowledge of one product;

5) compete for one product in different areas;

6) technically complex innovations that appeared as a by-product of the great pre-Space program (for example, a ceramic saucepan, created on the basis of research that was carried out as part of the space program);

7) use already known techniques and methods in a new area.

The specified classification of innovation is indicated by the symbols in the table. 1.1.

Table 1.1 Listed classification of innovations by marks

Of course, this classification is not exhaustive, but it should be noted that various types of innovation are closely interrelated with each other.

The classification provides specialists with a basis for identifying the maximum number of ways to implement innovation, thereby creating options for choosing a solution.

1.5 The role of innovation in business development

The innovative activity of the enterprise is aimed, first of all, at increasing the competitiveness of the products that are produced (services).

Competitiveness is a characteristic of a product (service) that reflects its superiority to a competing product, both in terms of the type of specific consumption and the cost of satisfaction. Two elements - durability and durability - are the main competitiveness of a product (service). However, the market prospects for goods are connected not only with the intensity and costs of production. The reason for the success or failure of a product may be other (non-product) officials, such as advertising activities, the prestige of the company, and the promotion of service levels.

Nowadays, service at the highest level creates more profit. Based on this, the competitiveness formula can be represented in this way:

Competitiveness = Quality + Price + Service.

Manage competitiveness - also ensure optimal consistency of the names of warehouses, direct the main efforts to the highest current goals: increased product quality, reduced production costs, increased cost-effectiveness that level of service.

In fact, the basis of today's "philosophy of success" lies in the alignment of the interests of the company with the goals of developing, developing and creating competitive products. The first priority is to focus on long-term success and well-being. Business managers look at nutritional profitability from the standpoint of vigor, sustainable product power, and competitiveness.

To analyze the development of the market over the market, assess the prospects for its future, and select a sales strategy, the concept of the “life cycle of a product” is used. .Small companies are inclined to go the route of specialization, etc. That is, choose one of the available “roles”:

An innovator company that deals with all kinds of food innovations;

Engineering: a company that develops original product modifications and designs;

A university-specialized fertilizer producer is most often a sub-postmaster for bulky production of mass-produced plants;

Vibrator of traditional virobes (services) of the most valuable berries.

As evidence shows, small firms are especially active in the production of goods that go through the stages of formation and exit from the market. The truth is that a great company is reluctant to be the first to develop new products. The legacy of a possible failure is much more important for her than for a small company that has started up again. Ensuring the competitiveness of a product will require an innovative, entrepreneurial approach, which is the search and implementation of innovation. Which means that, according to the classics of economic theory, A. Marshall, having respected the very acceptance of the indigenous authorities, is the mainstay of the market economy. The main focus of the innovative innovation strategy is the use of outdated products and technologies. In connection with this, three tasks at enterprises include attestation of viruses, technologies, equipment and work places that are produced, and analysis of the market and channels for the division of goods. In other words, an X-ray may be taken of the business.

Section 2. Distribution of the main economic indicators of enterprise

2.1 The importance of the production program

The output data for the divisions is given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Imprint data

To develop a production program in various displays, it is necessary to first determine the structure of the price of a unit of the product.

The price of a product consists of several elements. The main ones are cooperation and income. The obviousness of the price is obligatory. In addition, prices may include:

Excise tax;

Tax on added vartіst;

Mark-ups of post-employment organizations;

Trade allowances and reductions.

With the expansion of the wholesale price, profits are calculated in hundreds of shares. This number characterizes the profitability of the enterprise and is called profitability.

Product profitability is the same

de РПІ - profitability of products of the i-th brand in the hundreds;

Pi – income of the enterprise from the sale of one assigned product, penny units (p.o.);

Сi – continuous consistency of a single designated product, g.o.

Depending on the product profitability specified in the output data (point 11), you can calculate the wholesale price of a unit of product of the i-th name

Copt.i = Si + Pi, units (2.2.)

These commercial products, which are prepared for supply to employees, are designated as

(2.3.)

de TP – description of commercial products;

Nі - production of products of the i-th name in natural units;

Copt.i – wholesale price of a unit of product of the i-th name, year;

P – versatility of industrial activities for other enterprises, p.o.;

m – product range.

The company's products have been sold - at the cost of advanced products, for which the value of the term definitions has been found at the supplier level; Products sold are indicated according to the formula

de RP – products sold, g.o.;

TP – commercial products, g.o.;

Gn, Gk - finished products, which are in the warehouse or are delivered from the beginning to the end of the designated period

Also, the products sold at different times are classified as marketable by the amount of change in the surplus of finished products in the warehouse.

RP = 52339.30 + (320) = 52659.30 thousand. before.

Before gross production, all products are reported (in vartisan terms) regardless of their readiness; gross output is calculated according to the formula

VP = TP + NZVk - NZVp, units, (2.5)

de VP – gross production, then;

NZVk, NZVp - the varity of the surplus of unfinished production from the cob and laid the edge of the designated period, then.

VP = 52339.30 + (670) = 53009.30 thousand. d. od.

Standard-pure products, apparently, reflect the new product and are calculated using the formula:

,(2.6)

de PPN - obsyag of normatively pure products, then;

Nі – production of products of the i-th brand in natural units, pcs.;

NChPi – standard for one unit of pure product of the i-th name, p.o.;

m – nomenclature;

R - the value of the work of industrial significance, as the insurance company does not pay the wages of workers from the social fund and the standardization of profits, then.

The standard for one unit of pure product of the i-th hire is covered by the following formula:

NChPi = ZPri + Kzp ZPri + Pni, units, (2.7)

de NChPi – standard for one unit of pure product, then;

ZPi - wages (basic and additional wages) with the recovery of enterprises to social funds (which constitute 37.8% of the amount of basic and additional wages) of these workers who produce one product ї i-th name;

KZP – salary coefficient, which allows the reimbursement of salary expenses with contributions to social funds for other categories of salary personnel;

PNI – standard income per unit of product of the i-th name, e.g.

(2.8)

de ZPi - wages of workers (basically and additionally) from the recovery of the enterprise to social funds for the production of a unit of products of the i-th name, then;

Tstі - the applicable tariff rate for the category for which the work for the production of a unit of product of the i-th name is charged, units/year;

tі - standard hour (labor-intensive technological) for the production of a unit of product of the i-th name, standard year;

KDZP - a factor that pays an additional salary to the insurance company (exit data);

KSF is a coefficient that provides insurance coverage using social funds.

de KZP – salary coefficient;

FZPvpv – fund of wages for industrial and manufacturing personnel of the enterprise for the current period (in this period for the river), p.o.;

FZPr – fund of wages of labor workers of the enterprise for the same period, year.

(2.9)

de Pni – standard profit per unit of product of the i-th name, then;

Сi – constant consistency of a single product of the i-th name, then;

SMI - Waste materials for the production of one product of the i-th name, year;

РНІ - standard profitability, fully insured without material losses, % (exit data, paragraph 6).

Then the standard for one pure product will be:

NPP A = (1 + 0.46) . 126.10 + 32.82 = 216.93 cu.

NPP B = (1 + 0.46) . 80.65 + 29.04 = 146.79 cu.

NPP C = (1 + 0.46) . 67.93 + 46.31 = 145.49 cu.

NP N = 77. 216.93 + 89. 146.79 + 22. 145.49 + 450 = 33418.7 thousand. bud.

Mentally clean products are upgraded from standard clean products by the amount of river depreciation depreciation

PDE = ChPn + A, d.u., (2.10)

de UChP – intellectually pure production, that is;

PPN - normatively pure products;

A - depreciation and drainage, then.

Depreciation depreciation for the quarter is calculated as an addition to the balance sheet value of fixed assets at the beginning of the quarter and the fourth part of the established depreciation rate.

The balance sheet of the quarter (period) is older

de Ba - the balance sheet of the main production funds in the beginning of the singing period;

B(a-1) - balance sheet value of the main production funds in the early period;

A(a-1) - depreciation of the infrastructure for the forward period;

Pa-1 – spending on the addition of basic production funds in the previous period;

B(a-1) - the degree of withdrawal from the exploitation of the main production assets in the previous period.

The depreciation of the depreciation for the river is equal to the amount of depreciation of the depreciation for four quarters.

UHP = 33418.7 + 16984.2 = 50402.9 thousand. bud.

Please see Table 2.2 for all the indicators of the industrial enterprise program.

Table 2.2 Indicators of the production program

2.2 Distribution of necessary labor resources and their efficiency

The number of contract workers can be allocated as a portion of the total labor intensity of the manufacturing program for the active working hour fund of one average-sized worker.

The number of all industrial and production personnel is calculated based on the number of piece workers.

Productivity is one of the most important economic indicators and indicates the effectiveness of the selection of labor resources for the enterprise; It shows the ability of one average-sized enterprise to produce a large number of products in one hour (over time).

In Ukraine, for business purposes, productivity is covered in the following way:

de PP - productivity of practice, then;

TP – commercial products, that is;

Table 2.3 Productivity of work for business

2.3 The importance of the production effort, the production funds and the effectiveness of their resources

Decreasing pregnancy stress is the most important step in establishing a pregnancy program. On the basis of planning production obligations, establishing balances of pressures, the necessary capital investments are calculated. Viral strength is the maximum possible commitment to the production of products of the enterprise during the current period of time (change, production, month, river) for the selected nomenclature and assortment with the increased demand for production space.

To reduce tension, you can use the following formulas. Virobnica potency (in mental units, fragments of virobnitstvo rich nomenclature) is ancient:

(2.14)

de Pv – virobnica tension in mental units;

VPf.um. - Factual virobnitstvo in mental units;

KVP is a coefficient of vibratory fatigue.

(2.15)

where? - complete machine speed of all production programs, hours;

τ room - machine capacity of one mental unit of product, year/piece.

The machine capacity of a single product of the same name can be orientated as a division of the labor intensity of a single product of the number of people who are simultaneously preparing y products.

(2.15)

where? - maximum machine capacity of all production programs, time;

Machine capacity of a unit of manufactured product of the 1st name, hour/product;

VPi – production of products of the i-th name, pcs.

The machine capacity of one mental unit is insured as follows:

de - machine capacity of a unit of vibrated product of the i-th name, hour/user product;

Some viruses have the same name among many viruses.

Let us assume that the machine speed of one virus A is 2 years/product; virobi B – 2 years/product; Z – 3 years/product.

t rozum = 20/4 * 77/188 + 15.5/3 * 89/188 + 12/3 * 22/188 = 4.96 year / us. product

VP f. rozum = 932.833/4.96 = 188.071 thousand. mustache od

Well, the tension is ancient:

The efficiency of the production of fixed capital assets is indicated by such indicators as capital return, capital ratio, and capital-to-labor ratio.

,(2.17)

de Fv - capital return, cu/d.u., which shows how many commercial products are taken from each penny unit of capital stock;

TP – commercial products, that is;

OVFsr - average varity of the main production funds, then.

The average value of fixed assets can be insured as follows:

de BP, BV - the balance sheet of the main production funds is evident from the beginning to the end of the rock, g.o.

The balance sheet value of the fixed capital assets, as a matter of fact, changes with the amount of depreciation and amortization and the value of the sale of unneeded fixed capital assets.

Well, we stock the stock:

de Fe - fundomist level, d.u./d.u.;

TP is a commodity product, that is.

The capital-labor ratio is the same:

de Fo - stock reserve, units/person;

OVFsr – average value of the main production funds, then;

PPP – number of production and production personnel, people.

The average turnover rate of turnover assets can be calculated using the turnover ratio formula:

(2.21)

de Cob – coefficient of turnover of werewolf stocks;

RP - products are sold in line with fate;

The turnover rate is determined by the following formula:

, (2.22)

de Tob – the cost of one revolution, days;

Cob is the turnover rate of werewolf coins.

The most common indicator of the efficiency of a business is its profitability (or profit margin), which is defined as:

(2.23)

de P – profitability of the enterprise, %;

Pbal - balance sheet profit of the enterprise;

OVFsr – average value of the main production funds, then;

OZNSR - average varity of standardized working capital, then.

Significantly average varity of turnover costs, which is normalized:

OZ Nsr = RP / K pro = 52659.3 / 3.1 = 16986.871tis. e.e.

The profitability of the enterprise is:

P = 8993.3 / (22507.9 + 16986.871) * 100 = 22.77%.

2.4 Composition of commercial products and the significance of their structure

For this purpose, to reduce the quality of life, it is necessary to determine its structure in order to develop the skin element to its full potential.

Material expenses can be covered, from these parts of the property of a single product of the skin type; Then there are wasteful material costs - this is the amount of material costs per unit of product on its quantity in a natural appearance.

MV = 0.39. 269. 77 + 0.31. 183. 89 + 0.36. 268. 22 = 15249.6 thousand. e.e.

Another element of co-operation is payment of work - to pay the basic and additional wages to all industrial and manufacturing personnel. For this purpose, you need to calculate:

The basic salary required for the production of a unit of product of the i-th hire, based on the annual tariff rate for the category for which the work is tariffed, and the labor intensity (Table 2.4);

Salary per unit of product with additional provisions (Table 2.5);

The wages of contract workers, who directly produce all the products according to the nomenclature (Table 2.6);

Salary payment for all personnel based on the salary coefficient.

Table 2.4 Basic salary

Table 2.5 Salary with additional support

Table 2.6 Salary of contract workers

Salary for all personnel:

KZP = (FZPpvp - FZPr) / FZPr;

FZPr = FZPpvp/(1+Kzp);

FZPr = 5335.66 / 1.46 = 3654.56 thousand. e.e.

The third element - recovery to social funds - is determined based on the amount of payment and the installation of hundreds of types of health care:

The fourth element - depreciation and ventilation - was previously identified in section 2.2 and later:

A = 16984.2 thousand. before.

The fifth element - other expenses - is insured as the difference between the total cost of all production of commercial products and the sum of the front elements.

To complete the insertion of the skin element, the entire content must be taken as 100%, then open up a portion of the skin element in a few sections; the results of the breakdowns are shown in table 2.7.

Table 2.7 Structure of the value of commercial products

2.5 Increased prices for products, registration and division of the enterprise’s profits

Similar to the structure of the price of one unit, the output prices of the enterprise's products are insurable, vikoryst the previously insured wholesale prices. The selling price includes an excise tax (for items up to the wholesale price) and a tax on added goods (20% up to the wholesale price along with the excise tax).

Table 2.8 Output volume of enterprises by types of products

Profits can be calculated using the formula

de - the total amount of profit that is expected for the enterprise after the sale of commercial products, then;

VPi – production of products of the i-th brand, pcs;

Pi - profits planned in the wholesale price of a unit of products of the i-th name, then; is assigned to indicators of product profitability;

RM - a resource from an unnecessary lane, then.

The income that is lost at the enterprise is equal to 75% of the total income, so this income is roughly distributed according to the scheme (in hundreds):

reserve fund - 5

fund for the development of vibration, science and technology - 50

social development fund – 15

material acquisition fund – 30

Funds for social development and material desire are formed solely for the profit that is lost in the enterprise; the Fund for the Development of Science and Technology (FRPNT) has other resources (for example, depreciation of the drainage system); Therefore, this amount needs to be insured.

Table 2.9 Divided the profit that is lost for business

If we assume that the FRPNT will be directly used for the acquisition of new basic capital funds, we can develop a renewal coefficient using the formula

de Konovl. - Renewal coefficient;

OVFvv - the total number of reserves of the main production funds for the current period;

OVFk - the varity of the main production funds for a period, then.

The value of the calculated renovation coefficient allows us to assess the sufficiency or shortage of funds for the reconstruction of the enterprise. So, the company has enough money to carry out the reconstruction.

2.6 Payment of obligations to the budget and social funds

Businesses pay up to budgets:

1) income tax, which is equal to 25% of;

pp. = P* 0.25 = 9993.3 * 0.25 = 2498.325

2) excise tax;

3) the value of the tax has been added;

The amount of excise duty paid by the enterprise as a distributor of excisable goods can be calculated using the following formula:

(2.27)

de - the legal amount of excise duties that is paid by the enterprise, then;

Ni – production of products of the i-th name, pcs;

Tsi – wholesale price of a unit of product of the i-th name, then;

ZAZi - the excise duty rate on products of the i-th name;

n – nomenclature of the issue.

The tax on the added value, which is 20%, is more expensive

(2.29)

de PDV - tax for added vartіst, tobto;

Spdv - tax rate added vartіst, %;

Tsi – output of products of the i-th name, pcs;

Tsi – wholesale price of a unit of product of the i-th name, then;

АЗі – excise duty on a unit of product of the i-th name, e.g.

(2.30)

Sazi - excise tax rate for products of the 1st name, %.

Well, the donation for the added value is:

Acceptance of contributions to the pension fund (32%), unemployment fund (1.9%), social insurance fund (2.9%), accident insurance fund (at the rate; for machinery - 2.55%); all payments to staff as wages and in the form of bonuses.

So, let’s save up the pension fund:

Rehabilitation of the employment fund:

Social Insurance Fund:

Contributions to the social insurance fund in case of accident:

2.7 Social activity of enterprise

The obligatory and invisible warehouse activity of the enterprise is the creation of minds aimed at reducing the material resources of doctors. Whose receives the income from the private sector to pay the premium and the living allowance.

2.7.1 Rate of the average monthly salary for business

The fund for material desires, direct including the payment of bonuses for the results of work for the river, is distributed proportionally to the salary. Therefore, the average monthly salary for a business worker can be calculated as follows:

de ZPsr.p. - Average monthly salary of a business worker, unit per person;

FZPPpp - fund of wages for industrial and production personnel, then;

FMP - material acquisition fund, that is;

PPP – number of production and production personnel, people.

To calculate the average monthly salary of a work enterprise, it is necessary to calculate how many penny units of premium go into one penny unit of salary (so you can call it the “price of the division of the premium”)

de TsRP the price of the subdivision of the premium, then;

FMZ - material acquisition fund, that is;

FZPPpp - salary fund for industrial and production personnel, that is.

2.7.2 Social enterprise program (housing security)

With the introduction of social enterprise programs we are concerned about ensuring the livelihoods of these healthcare workers, who are ultimately indispensable.

After the allowance, it is certain that all funds from the Social Development Fund will be allocated to the acquisition of housing, and the enterprise can receive an additional fee

,(2.33)

de n – number of apartments;

FSR - social development fund;

Tskv – estimated price for one apartment, unit unit/sq.m.

Physicians, according to statistics, approximately 5% of the total number of personnel require life or enrichment of everyday minds, you can measure the level of satisfaction with this demand. It contains:

.(2.34)

Visnovki

Innovation means changes in the economy, industry, business, behavior of buyers, manufacturers, and practitioners. Therefore, from now on you may be oriented towards the market, be concerned with its needs. In order to successfully undertake innovative activities, it is necessary to create such a structure and such a mood that would create an atmosphere of enterprise, an atmosphere that would accommodate new, friendly possibilities. Innovative activity is even important for business, since in modern minds the successful activity of enterprises is impossible without innovation.

Literature

1. Zaitsev N.L. Economics of industrial enterprise: Pidruchnik; 3 types, processed. ta add. - M: INFRA-M, 2001

3. Innovative management: a handbook for universities / Morozov Yu.P.. M.: UNITI, 2000. Page. 15-27

4. Innovation management: Chief assistant/O.M. Khotasheva.-St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. Page. 201-211

5. Innovation management: Handbook for universities/S.D. Illinova, L.M. Gokhberg, S.Yu. Yagudin ta in; Per ed. prof. S.D. Ilyenkova. - 2nd version, revised and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2003. Side. 3-8

10. Business Economics: A handbook for economical investments. Per ed. Rudenko O.I. - Minsk, 1995.