The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016 was awarded to the sons Jean-Pierre Savage, Fraser Stoddart and Bernard Fehring for their work on the synthesis of “molecular machines”, announced the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which recognizes the award from Wednesday in Stockholm.
Below are the biographies of the laureates.
© AP Photo/Catherine Schroder
© AP Photo/Catherine Schroder
In 1971, he graduated as a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Strasbourg (France) under the supervision of the renowned chemist Jean-Marie Lehn. Post-cancer research was carried out at the University of Oxford under the supervision of cerebral chemist Malcolm Green.
From 1971 to 1979, he was a scientific specialist at the National Center for Scientific Research of France (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS).
1979-2009 – Director of Scientific Research at the National Center for Scientific Research of France.
From 1981 to 1984 he was a professor at the University of Strasbourg.
In 2009-2010, there were requests from a professor at the University of Zurich.
In 2010-2012, there were requests from the scientific specialist of the Pivnichno-Zakhidny University (Illinois, USA).
From 2009 to the present day - Honorary Professor at the University of Strasbourg, Honorary Director of the National Center for Scientific Research of France.
Corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences since 1990, member of the French Academy of Sciences since 1997.
Jean-Pierre Savage is a pioneer in the field of mutual mechanical blocking of molecular architectures.
Fraser Stoddart
Fering's research has been awarded several awards, including the Pino Gold Medal of the Italian Chemical Association (1997), the Arun Guthikonda Award of the Columbia University (2003), Iya Kerbera (Körber European Sci named after Arthur Cope (Arthur C. Cope Late Career Scholars Award) of the American Chemical Partnership (2015), Japanese Yamada-Koga Prize and Nagoya Gold Medal prize (2013) in the field of organic chemistry and others.
5 June 2016 to Bernard Feringa (fathered with Jean-Pierre Savage and Fraser Stoddart) for work on the synthesis of molecular mechanisms that can create direct forces and thus act as power machines.
Preparation material based on information from RIA Noviny and Vidkritikh Dzherel
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 was awarded to three people for the design and synthesis of molecular machines. The city was seized by a researcher from the Netherlands, Bernard Feringa, a Briton, James Fraser Stoddart, and a Frenchman, Jean-Pierre Sauvage, who works in the United States, according to a press release to the Nobel Committee.
They were able to develop the world's smallest machines. The researchers succeeded in linking molecules together, creating a crazy elevator, artificial meats and microscopic motors. “The 2016 Nobel Prize winners in chemistry changed machines and brought chemistry to a new world,” reads the committee’s website. The press release suggests that with the development of computing technology, the miniaturization of technology can lead to a revolution.
A group of disciples disintegrated the molecules from the ceramic hands, which can be completed under the hour of added energy. The first step towards the development of molecular machines was made by Sauvage in 1983, who formed the lancet into two ring-like molecules, which was called catenane. So that the machine could be destroyed, it can be folded into parts, as if moving one by one. This very thing was confirmed by two rings connected by Sauvage.
Another product was obtained by Stoddart in 1991, synthesizing rotaxane - a compound in which a ring is put on a dumbbell-like molecule. The middle of this development is a molecular lift, molecular meat and creations based on molecules of a computer chip.
Nareshti, Feringa in 1999 demonstrated the operation of molecular engines.
It is expected that in the future molecular machines will be used to create new materials, sensors and energy storage systems.
Stoddart was born in 1942 in Edinburgh. Nowadays, he specializes in supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology, working at the Far Eastern University in the American state of Illinois. Born in Paris in 1944, he is engaged in scientific activities at the University of Strasbourg, whose specialty is coordination of research. Feringa, who was born in 1951 in the town of Barger-Compaskum in the Netherlands, is a professor of organic chemistry at the Dutch University of Groningen.
The amount of the Nobel Prize is 8 million Swedish kronor. The city of chemistry has been awarded since 1901 years (Crimea 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941 and 1942 years). This rock was awarded the prize for the 108th time.
In 2015, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the Swede Thomas Lindahl, the US giant Paul Modrich and the Turkish-American Aziz Sancar for their research into the mechanisms of DNA repair. The work of their colleagues provided new fundamental knowledge about the functions of living cells, including their use in new methods of fighting cancer, the Nobel Committee was informed. It is believed that approximately 80-90% of all cancer cases are associated with DNA repair.
According to the rules, the Nobel Prize in physics and chemistry can be awarded exclusively to the authors of articles published in the press that are peer-reviewed. In addition, it turns out that if the science of light is truly consistent and universally recognized, experimenters often take a premium over theorists.
Earlier, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in Stockholm. Three British scientists were selected as working in the United States. Briton Duncan Haldane and Scottish-American David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz won the prize for “theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.” For centuries we have been investigating the unforeseen developments of matter. We are talking about superconductors, superradines and thin magnetic fluxes.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for 2016 was awarded to the 71-year-old Japanese scientist Yoshinori Osumi. He was awarded for his work in the field of autophagy (from the Greek “self-eating”) - a process in which the internal components of the cell are delivered to the body by lysos (in humans) or vacuoles (cells of yeasts) and They are susceptible to degradation.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016 was awarded to three successors: Jean-Pierre Sauvage from the University of Strasbourg, James Fraser Stoddart from Pivnichno-Zakhodny University (USA), and Bernard Fering from the University University of Groningen (Netherlands).
“Miniature elevators, meats and engines.
“They have been creating molecules with controlled processes, creating robots until the energy is supplied to them,” according to a statement from the Nobel Committee.
Members of the Nobel Committee, during the presentation of the laureates, compared the development of molecular machines with the development of machines at the beginning of the 19th century, including the later development of electric motors, which became one of the key stages of the industrial revolution . Within a few minutes, the Nobel Committee managed to get through to one of the laureates - Bernard Fering.
“I don’t know what to say, this will be a great surprise,” Feringa said when asked by a Swedish journalist, which were the first words of the scientist when he learned about the award of the prize. Khimik promised that he would definitely celebrate the prize with his team and students.
“It’s a great shock, I can hardly believe what she’s doing,” he said when asked by the same journalist about the reaction to the first molecular machine that started working. The chemist explained that the development of molecular machines will help future doctors develop microrobots to deliver drugs to the right place in the body, as well as to search for cancer cells and other diseases. The same is true for the creation of molecular machines.
Model of Feringa's molecular machine
nobelprize.org“Having started with the output of permikach, we wanted to create molecular permikach, which can be transferred from zero to one after another light.
This became the beginning for the creation of our nanometer-sized motors, and if you manage to create them, you can already think about further mechanisms of transport and circulation,” added Feringa.
The first step towards the creation of molecular machines was made in 1983 by Jean-Pierre Sauvage, when he united two ring molecules at once, creating a lance known as catenane.
Normally, molecules are connected by strong covalent bonds, in which the atoms exchange electrons, but if they are mechanically combined into a bond, the bonds become stronger.
Fraser Stoddart's analysis of rotaxanes gave rise to the development of the substances - the compounds that are formed from the molecular axis and the ring molecule "attached" to it. The results showed that this molecule could move on both axis. Based on rotaxanes, Stoddart created a molecular elevator, molecular meats and a molecular computer chip.
Bernard Fering was the first to disable the molecular motor. 1999 fate vin muse the molecular rotary blade to gradually wrap itself in one direction. Vikorist molecular motors were able to rotate the glass cylinders, which were 10 thousand. once more for the engine itself, and then designed a “nanocar”.
Nowadays, molecular motors are at approximately the same stage of development as electric vehicles were in the 1830s, when they were constructing wheels that would turn on other people, and were not aware of those that would lead to the advent of electric trains. ів, washing machines, fenіv i food processors.
Molecular engine
nobelprize.orgMolecular engines, which are responsible for everything, will be used to create new materials, sensors and energy-saving systems.
Previously, the top contenders for the chemistry prize, according to Thomson Reuters, were George Church and Feng Jan, who succeeded in editing the genomes of mice and humans using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. This system, which is primarily responsible for the development of acquired immunity in bacteria, has appeared to be suitable for genetic engineering.
They can now be discovered by Dennis Law, who has developed a method for detecting fetal DNA in maternal blood plasma, which will help diagnose genetic diseases, and Khiroshi Maeda with Yasuhiro Matsumu I believe that they created the effect of increased penetration and attenuation for macromolecular liquids.
Three scientists received awards for their revolutionary activities
On Wednesday, June 5, in Stockholm, representatives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced their decision to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2016. The winners were three from different countries: Frenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage from the University of Strasbourg, native of Scotland Sir J. Fraser Stoddart from Pivnichno-Zakhidny University (Illinois State, USA) and Bernard L. Feringa from the University of Groningen (Netherlands).
The formula for the award sounds like this: “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.” These laureates embraced the miniaturization of technology, which may have revolutionary significance. Sauvage, Stoddart and Feringa not only changed the machines, but introduced the chemistry of a new world.
As stated in the press release of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the first step towards a molecular machine was made by Professor Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 1983, when he successfully formed two ring-like molecules at once, lantsyug, vidomy yak catenan. Cause molecules are connected by strong covalent bonds, in which atoms share electrons, but in which case they are connected by strong mechanical bonds. So that the machine could complete the task, it is necessary that it be formed into parts that can collapse one by one. The two connected rings clearly demonstrate this.
Another product was produced by Fraser Stoddart in 1991 when he produced rotaxane (a type of molecular structure). By inserting a molecular ring into a thin molecular ring and showing that this ring can collapse along its axis. Rotaxanes are the basis for such developments as molecular lift, molecular meat and computer chips.
And Bernard Fering was the first person to break the molecular motor. In 1999, the rotation took off the molecular shovel of the rotor, which gradually wraps itself in one direction. Vikorist molecular motors, having wrapped the cylinder, which was 10 thousand times larger, lower motor, having also built a nanocar.
It is important to note that the 2016 laureates do not need to “shine” on various lists of favorites, as they soon appear at the forefront of the “Nobel Year”.
Among those to whom the mass media predicted a prize in chemistry, for example, George M. Church and Feng Zhang (offended by the USA) - for the establishment of CRISPR-cas9 genome editing in humans and mice.
Also on the list of favorites in the teachings from Hong Kong is Dennis Lo (Dennis Lo Yukmin) - for the identification of cell-free intrauterine DNA in maternal plasma, which revolutionized non-invasive prenatal testing.
The names of Japanese scientists were also mentioned - Hiroshi Maeda and Yasuhiro Matsamura (for the effect of increased penetration and thickening of macromolecular drugs, which is a key discovery for the treatment of cancer diseases).
In some cases, it was possible to meet the name of the chemist Oleksandr Spokiy, who was born in Moscow, but after his family moved to America, he lives and works in the USA. It is called “the emerging star of chemistry.” Before speaking, the only Radian Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry became academician Mikola Semenov in 1956 for developing the theory of Lanzug reactions. Most of those awarded this premium are from the USA. On the other place there are German ones, on the third place there are British ones.
The Chemistry Prize can generally be called “the most Nobel of the Nobels.” Even the man who gave birth to this city, Alfred Nobel was himself a chemist, and in the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements he is assigned to be a Nobel from Mendelevium.
The decision to award this award is praised by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. From 1901 (the Dutchman Jakob Hendrick van't Hoff became the first person to be awarded the title to the field of chemistry) to 2015, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded 107 times. For the nomination of similar cities in Galusia, physics and medicine were more often awarded to one laureate (in 63 editions), rather than several times. However, many women became laureates in chemistry - among them Marie Curie, as well as the Nobel Prize in physics and Don Irene Joliot-Curie. One person who took away the chemical “Nobel” from two, becoming Frederic Sanger (born 1958 and 1980).
The youngest to be awarded was the 35-year-old Frédéric Joliot, who won the 1935 Rock Prize. And John B. Fenn became the eldest, and the Nobel city “overtook” 85 deaths.
Last year, the Nobel laureates in chemistry were Thomas Lindahl (Great Britain) and two from the USA - Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar (from Turkey). The city was awarded it for “mechanical investigations of DNA updating.”
Today the winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 became known. “For the design and synthesis of molecular machines” three chemists are awarded 58 million rubles - Jean-Pierre Sauvage (France), Sir Fraser Stoddart (USA) and Bernard Feringa (Holland). Life talks about what molecular machines are and why their creation deserves such a prestigious scientific title.
What is a car in the most common sense of this term? These are devices, imprisonments for singing operations, and then consign them “in exchange” for burning. The machine can turn around, lift or lower any object, and can act as a pump.
How little can a car like this be? For example, some of the details of the mechanisms of the anniversary look very crap - what could be less? Yes, crazy. Physical methods make it possible to grind a gear with a diameter of a couple of hundred atoms. It's a hundred thousand times smaller than the school ruler, one millimeter. In 1984, Nobel laureate Richard Feynman gave physicists a lesson about how small a mechanism can be made from earthly parts.
Feynman was infused with butts from nature: bacterial flagella, which allow these microorganisms to collapse, wrap themselves around a complex that consists of several protein molecules. Alechi can people do something like this?
Molecular machines, which can be formed from just one molecule, seem to belong to the realm of science fiction. In fact, only a few people have recently learned to manipulate atoms (an IBM experiment dating back to 1989) and work with single, indestructible molecules. For which physicists create great installations and expend incredible efforts. After all, chemists have discovered a way that allows them to create quintillions of such devices at once. He himself became the subject of the 2016 Nobel Prize.
The main problem in the creation of a machine that is made up of one molecule is the chemical bond. The very thing that binds all the atoms of the molecule and collects its mother’s crumbling parts. To achieve this, chemists "discovered" a new type of bond - mechanical.
What are mechanically related molecules similar to? There is a large molecule in which the atoms are stuck in a ring. As soon as we penetrate through it another latchet of atoms that are already closed in a ring, we remove a particle that cannot be divided into two rings without breaking the chemical bonds. It turns out that from the chemical point of view these rings are connected, but there is no proper chemical connection between them. Before speech, this construction was called catenan, from the Latin. catena- Lanzug. The name reflects the fact that such molecules, similar to lancets, are connected to each other.
The laureate from France, Jean-Pierre Sauvage, won the prize for his pioneering work in the synthesis of catenanes. In 1983, a series of scientists realized how similar molecules can be isolated directly. Having become the first to synthesize catenane, using the method of template synthesis, proponation with it, it is used in current robots.
Another class of mechanically knitted fabrics is called rotaxane. The molecules of such molecules are folded into rings after passing through a circle of atoms. At the ends of this lance, chemists place special “clips” that prevent the ring from being pulled out of the lance. They were taken up by another Nobel laureate, Sir James Fraser Stoddart. Before speaking, Stoddart, a Scotsman by birth, is the recipient of the title of Bachelor. Queen Elizabeth II herself consecrated him as a lyricist for his work from organic synthesis. Meanwhile, Stoddart is working in the USA, at Pivnichno-Zakhidny University.
In these classes, fragments around each other can easily move around one at a time. Rings of catenans can easily be wrapped one or the other, and a ring on a rotaxan can be wrapped around each other. Try them as good candidates for the role of molecular machines, which Feynman was obsessed with. However, in order for these structures to be called that, it is necessary to achieve one more thing – kernel coating.
Especially for this purpose, chemists used the basic ideas of electrostatics: how to create a charged ring, and place fragments on the other ring (or a lanyard) that can change their charge under the influence of of the current infusions, then you can knead the ring to fit one area of the ring (or the lance) and move to another one. In early experiments, molecular machines have begun to undergo similar operations with the help of chemical infusions. The next step was the use of light, electrical impulses and just heat for these very purposes - and the methods of transmitting the “fire” made it possible to speed up the work of machines.
You can also see the work of the third laureate, Bernard Feringa. The Dutch chemist managed to discover mechanically linked molecules. According to the teachings, we know the best way to bind the molecules of the semiconductor in order to replace traditional chemical bonds. In 1999, the Fering family, having demonstrated the molecule, resembles two shovels connected to each other. The skin of these shovels was designed to fit one way at a time, and its asymmetrical shape made it difficult to wrap in one direction, because there was a ratchet on the “axis” between these shovels.
In order to agitate the molecule to act as a rotor, it was necessary to simply shine ultraviolet light on it. The shovels began to wrap around each other in a given direction. Later, chemists attached such rotor molecules to large (aligned with the rotor itself) particles and thus frothed them. Before speaking, the winding speed of a free-wheeling rotor can reach tens of millions of wraps per second.
With the help of these three simplest molecules, chemists were able to create a whole set of diverse molecular machines. One of the most beautiful applications is molecular “meat”, which is a wonderful hybrid of catenane and rotaxane. With chemical infusions (added copper salts), the “meat” shortens by two nanometers.
Another version of a molecular machine is a “lift” or a lift. Yogo was introduced in 2004 by Stoddart’s group based on rotaxanes. The device allows you to raise and lower the molecular scale by 0.7 nanometers, vibrating “sensibly” by 10 picopascals.
In 2011, Fering showed the concept of a multi-rotor molecular “machine” powered by electrical impulses. The “nanomachine” has been tested and its feasibility has been confirmed: the rotation of the rotors just a little changed the formation of molecules in space.
If these devices look good, it is necessary to remember that one of the reasons Nobel was able to become laureates was the importance of his contributions to science and humanity. Frequently for meals "what else is needed?" Bernard Feringa confirmed when he was told about the city. Behind the words of the chemist, looming similar molecular machines, the creation of medical nanorobots becomes possible. “Discover some of the craziest robots that doctors may soon be able to inject into your veins and direct you to look for cancer cells.” Having noted that it feels the same way that the Wright brothers probably felt after the first flight, when people asked them about the fact that flying machines might eventually burn out.