Surveyor. What is a surveyor? Description of the profession. What does a surveyor do? Applied geodesy specialty

About specialty:

Description of the specialty of applied geodesy, which VNZ include applied geodesy, entry, study, what subjects are taught in the specialty.

Geodesy has a number of subjects, the learning of which will require different courses. In general, geodesy is the science of the earth. It includes the shape of the earth, the magnetic field, and the region. Additional geodesy is used to create navigation systems, maps, and determine the magnetic field and subtraction of the earth's crust plates. Nowadays, this science has become possible with satellite navigation systems, precise navigation in the sea and sky, earthquake warning systems, and precise maps of the entire planet.

Introduction to geodesy at the college

The beginning of geodesy ends up being a spluttering process in order to understand the middle ground. The geodesist is absolutely responsible for representing all the processes that occur on the planet, and understanding the flow of these factors into the lives and technologies of people. It all comes down to geodesy being a spluttering process.

Pratsevlashtuvannya behind the fakh

It’s not so easy to follow the fag. On the right is the need for professional accountants with knowledge of geodesy. It is important for surveyors themselves to be engaged in compiling maps and plans, which shortens the potential job market. Therefore, it is better to combine geodesy as a technical specialty in order to deal with location systems, navigation and communications.

Applied (engineering) geodesy – examines the methods and features of geodetic surveys that are designed to ensure the daily life and operation of various land management, cadastral, non-continuous objects and other cadastral areas and activities related to land resources.

Secret news about engineering investigations

Investigation engineers will forward the highest level of construction, land management, cadastre, etc. Its goal is to recruit the natural minds of a given area and collect the necessary information to develop economically efficient and technically correct design solutions. At the same time, there is a growing legal crisis connected with the dispossession and redistribution of lands. Therefore, there is a technical and economic basis for the design and implementation of other projects. Thus, it is necessary to organize the planning of future engineering research - economical and technical.

Economic studies are carried out to determine the economic efficiency of planned visits.

Technical research is based on the comprehensive training of the natural minds of these territories.

Expeditions, parties, corrals, and brigades are organized for the war.

The production of engineering investigations is carried out in accordance with all regulatory documents (instructions, regulations, certification). Investigations are divided into:

1. The nature of the factors that are considered:

Geodetic

Geological

Gruntovo-Gruntovi

2. For recognition:

Promislov

Hromadyanski (budivnytsvo)

Transport

Earth in orderbath

Cadastre

3. For the configuration of the territory:

Linear (pipelines, roads, power lines)

Areas (budivnytstvo, land management, cadastre)

More important are geodetic surveys, which, as a rule, are output (cob), as a result of which an information base (geodetic basis) is created for a given territory either graphically (plan, map, profile) or digitally (orders) Any list of coordinates of the locality point, digital locality models, electronic plans and maps).

Geodetic surveying is strictly based on the technical specifications (TOR), which indicate the fundamental characteristics of the object, data on the local plot of work, the types of duties of geodetic and topographical work, the scale of construction, Wikonian terms work.

A diagram (plan) of the assignments between the plots of work is obligatory supplied to the technical specifications. Based on the technical specifications, the project (program) of geodetic work is developed.

In the process of geodetic surveys, topographical considerations are important (relief, vegetation cover, hydrography, road lines, etc.). In this case, topographical minds are classified by the following signs:

According to the relief (plain, humpback, girska)

Ground cover (forest, stepov, desert, tundra)

Levels of intersection (unintersected, slightly intersected, highly intersected)

I'll look behind the minds (closed, closed, closed)

Knowing what type of locality it is possible to design the rational development of land resources and the necessary approaches to the engineering preparation of territories.

Topographical surveys for the design of engineering spores

The usual practice of geodetic work is transmitted by a series of plans (maps) of such scales:

1:500 – 1:2,000 for towns, small-type settlements, rural settlements, as well as public squares in the territory of reclamation work, cadastral work.

1:5 000 in large populated areas and land development in a difficult situation and in areas of passive land development

1:10,000 for land cultivation in areas of intensive farming, prepared cadastral maps

1:25,000 – 1:100,000 for large land plots for planning land management and other activities

To develop detailed planning projects, the construction of highways and areas near settlements should be drawn at a scale of 1:2,000, in addition to scales of 1:200 with a height across the relief of 0.5 - 0.25 m.

On the geobase plans (1:500) all the contours of the fortress are indicated (entrances to the buildings, pits, windows of the first on top, basements, basements, entrances to the blocks and courtyards, lines of the fortress, elements of the future that will be). For overhead lines (power transmissions), it is necessary to determine the straightness of the crossbars and the height of the wire suspension at the lowest point along the entire street or road. Fold the later profile of the city roads, streets, along the axis of the passable part or on trays.

It is allowed to prepare a plan on a larger scale by simply increasing it to save the coordinate system and the accuracy of the output scale of the survey (for example: a topographic plan on a scale of 1:10,000 may be increased to 1:5,000)

Tracing of linear objects.

The route has the same elements.

A route is the name given to any projected object with a linear appearance, marked on the locality or plotted on a plan, map, orthophotoplan or digital model of the locality.

The complex operates in the area of ​​designing engineering spores to collect data and information about the location by means of establishing the technical and economic efficiency of spore placement is called investigations.

At the first stage, technical road projects are developed. Detailed investigations are carried out to the extent possible to verify the area of ​​​​transferred work using topographic maps, aerial or space images, a profile of route options with a selection of geodetic robots to clarify the layout of the designed subgrade and roads Ix sporud.

At another stage of the design, work chairs are divided on the basis of a confirmed technical project, and engineering geodetic robots are characterized by greater accuracy, detail at the site of everyday life and the first stage of geodetic services bath wakefulness. This stage of maintenance is completed by the division of robots and geodetic control of the excavation machines at the excavation site.

PZ – polygonometric sign

Elementi trasi.

During the course of the design of the route, there may be damaged technical knowledge that lies in the recognition of the future controversy. For a road with hard surfaces, the main benefit is smoothness and safety of the rudder with flexible fluids. Before the routes of canals and self-filling pipelines, there are opportunities to ensure the maintenance of the required repairs.

The main geodetic documents and routes are:

1) Materials of engineering geodetic surveys

2) Topographical plan from the highway design

3) Separated chairs for making the track axle in nature

4) Later and transverse profiles for floor robot materials

5) Rozrahunki, geodetic materials for excavation using robotic equipment

The following points are separated on the route:

1) the cob and the end of the curve

2) the verticals of the corners turn the point at which the entire route changes its direction

3) Packets that are secured - a hundred-meter section along the axis of the route.

4) Plus points - characteristic points of the relief

5) Points of diameters – to characterize the territory at a straight line perpendicular to the route, which is used to form the transverse profiles.

In the plan, the route is made up of straight sections of different directions, which result in horizontal curves that are constant and changeable to the radius of curvature.

i = h/S (i-design height, h-height and relief)

S = h / i tr * M (M-sign of the daily scale)

In the later profile, the route consists of a line of carved knuckle, connected to each other by vertical curved circular ones. On a number of routes (power transmission lines, sewerage systems, etc.), horizontal and vertical curves are not designed. The road route, both in plan and in profile, contains straight and curved sections. Selecting the optimal route option can ensure the balance of the earthworks from the embankments and pits.

In the profile, the route can pass close to the surface of the earth with small depressions and embankments, then the route is designed burnt profile If the route rises sharply from the earth's surface, they are designed with strong lines with a great deal of earthwork.

Roundings on the route come from two circular curves with a constant radius and from arcs of curves with a variable radius. Such curves are called transitional, the radius of which varies from infinity to the radius of circular curves.

Office transfer of the map.

The complex of visuction robots for selecting a route is called trasuvannyam.

The design of the route using topographic maps (plans), aerial materials and a digital model of the locality is called office design. The transfer of the designed route to the site with clarification of its position and fixation in nature is called field transfer.

For office tracing, scale plans are used: 1:25000, 1:50000 and for small sections 1:10000.

The route is laid in sections between fixed points (the head of the route, the corner of the turn), which is ensured by an acceptable (design) deviation of the route. For which wine should the deposit S be calculated, corresponding to the given value, then. S = h / i * M, h-height across the relief by horizontals, M - scale symbol. Vikoristically, by removing the mortgage S on the map, you can identify plots of “stressful” and “free” moves.

“Vilniy” move - if the lesser one has killed the lesser for the crime of the race

“Stress” progress – greater loss of locality, lower loss of the route

In such plots, a line of zero robots is first planned. The line of zero robots is a version of the route that is considered to be a design concept without any earth robots. The line of zero operations is planned by cutting the compass equal to the found value of the plot S, successively intersecting the horizontal lines and connecting the points with straight lines.

Since the line of zero-points consists of a large number of short strips, the line of zero-points will be straight and behind the separated points there will be a later profile, which will design the altitude of the route, at which the number of options will be selected And most importantly transfer it to the place.

Polove trasuvannya

To transfer the axis of the route from the map to the locality, follow either the coordinates of the main points, or the data linking these points to the outline of the situation. In this case, the accuracy of transferring the route from the map to the area is important to depend on the scale of the map, since the coordinates of the points are indicated graphically.

The main points of the route are secured with joints, pipes, etc., then the outline of the connection is established to the stable contours of the locality. After these points are fixed, a theodoltine (polygonometric) path is laid along them. In these processes, lines, horizontal edges and layout breakdown. When the track cob is designated PC0, the result is that the number of the skin patch indicates several hundred meters of the track from its cob.

Characteristic points of the relief are indicated by plus points, indicating that they stand in front of the front pocket, for example PK3+15.50.

When distributing a parcel, I keep a field journal - a parcel journal on a card paper. Pіketi is fixed with the trees by the narivni iz with the earth, I would immediately lead Zyomku Mixovosti in Smuzі up to 100 m on offending the sides of the trash, with a zoom 25 m of the Vikonot method of perpendicular, and Dali Okomirno.

K - The length of the arc from the cob to the end of the curve. The dot in the middle of the curve is a cut along a bisector from the top to the middle of the curve.

D - domer - the difference between the doves between the laman and the curve, which is created in connection with the fact that the dove of the route is measured along straight elements (2T) more than the dove of the curve K, inscribed in the corner.

B = R * cos φ/2 - R

K = πR/180˚ * φ

Package value – indicate which station is in the package

PC value (Ug1) - PC3 + ​​20.00

- (T) 130.00

PC value (NK) - PC1 + 90.00

Vinesennya picket on the crook

Calculate the plotted line from the tangent to the curve using the rectilinear coordinate method. In this case, take the NK point as the beginning of the coordinates, if it extends to the corner of the turn, or the KK point, if it extends after the corner of the turn, and take the tangent line T as the entire abscis.

b/360˚ = S/2πR

b = S*360˚/2πR = S*180˚/πR

x=Rsinb y=R-Rcosb=R(1-cosb)

Detailed breakdown of the curve

Please note that with a detailed breakdown of the curve, the order of the pins hammered through the songs of the riser S along the curve is indicated.

In fact, you need to set the joint to create an x-dimensional fit and create perpendiculars to the Ecker. Reshta is similar to wine piquet on the curve.

Altitude reference and leveling of the route

For the alignment of the route, a technical leveling of the route must be made. The uneven course of the route from both ends is liable to spiral onto the high-altitude lining markers.

If the route is too long, the gaps at 1 km intervals will be secured with time markers. Nevelyuvannya ends, as a rule, with 2 steps:

· 1st step – transfers the leveling of all points along the route:

Pickets (sounding points)

Plus points

Transverse

The cob, the middle and end of the curve

· 2nd step - eliminate only certain points (for control)

When a later profile of the route is taken, the vertical scale for accuracy should be 10 times larger than the horizontal one.

Ground conditions for the purpose of geodetic measurements

When carrying out various operations on a large territory, the necessary topographical plans (maps) are compiled on the basis of geodetic survey points, the planned and altitude positions of which are indicated in a single coordinate system.

State geodetic survey (GGS) is a set of geodetic points, distributed throughout the entire region with reliable values ​​​​in a single coordinate system and fixed by white centers, which ensure the safety and stability of the point And it will last for a long time.

Geodetic surveys, according to their accuracy, fall into:

1) Powers (DMR) – separated by accuracy classes

2) Measures of condensation

3) Significant measures, the accuracy of which must lie within the specified accuracy in the technical specifications for the design of the robot

Depending on the coordinates, the lines are:

1) Planov (1,2,3,4 classes, holding measures)

2) High (I, II, III, IV classes nіveluvannya)

3) Planned altitudes (in terms of both planned and altitudes)

The number of DMR points and condensation lines is no less than 4 points per 1 km 2 of the forgotten territory and not less than 1 point per 1 km 2 on the entire territory.

The main type of geodetic support in modern minds is polygonometry. For populated areas there will be polygonometry measures of class 4 and ranks 1 and 2 with appropriate characteristics.

A significant measure is required to create the appearance of theodolite and tacheometric movements, in which the current parameters (characteristics) are adjusted.

1:5 000 – for forgotten territories

1:2 000 – for unforgettable territories

The greatest discrepancy will be in the middle of the move after verification. The accuracy of the course in the middle does not have to exceed 0.2 mm on the plan (higher graphic accuracy)

1) First of all, we need to know what we fit into the standards

2) Then we take an additional node point, because a pulled-out move is no good

3) Possibly an additional drainage area in the middle of the territory

5) For accuracy, it is necessary to correct all aspects (centering, dovzhin, heel lines)

(1) M 1 2 = m S 2 *n + (n+1.5)/3 * (m b /ρ * Σ S) 2

mean quadratic abduction on the move

(2) M 2 2 = m S 2 *n + (n+1.5)/12 * (m b /ρ * Σ S) 2

n – number of lines

m S – accuracy of linear vimirs

m b - precision fit

M – mean square abduction at the end of the move

If the end point of Vikonian is destroyed according to the ancient rules, then formula 2 is stoic.

ΔS – late loss of progress (dimension of distances)

Δb - transverse bending of the course (vimiryanykh kutіv)

The deviation gives for the skin point a deviation along the axis

M t = ÖM x 2 + M y 2

f s = Öf Δ x 2 + f Δ y 2

M – SKP position of the point at the end of the move

Principles of design and design of accuracy of support geodetic measurements.

Support and geodetic measurements develop, as a rule, in a number of stages (steps). The assessment of any geodesic will be possible to achieve precise accuracy at various stages. This is the clear understanding of the initial (residual) and stage of theft, from the accumulation of theft from the initial stage to the remaining stage. It is therefore important that the following considerations apply to the area when designing engineering geodetic surveys:

1) Set the outputs to the exact accuracy of the time limit

2) Calculate the number of steps in the development of the boundary

3) Select the type of step-by-step measures for the skin level

4) Establish the necessary accuracy of the other types of extinctions on the skin as a result of the measurement

At one stage, the robbery is carried out step by step and is avoided step by step. With a lot of access, everyday supports sway under residual damage theft of the designated position of the point of the significant system. A gradual theft is partly a residual theft. Check with the technical specifications of the geodetic robots and regulatory documents that destruction is permissible at the beginning stage of the work.

Consider, when developing the accuracy of the planned priming of significant robots, to ensure that the SKP still retains the position of the priming point in the middle of the stroke.

Receive insurance according to the formula:

M ok = 0.2 mm * M (1)

M – sign of the numerical scale of the plan

For the development of step-by-step changes, you can take an offensive approach: for example, the support frame will be in n-steps, then the final step M should be formed from the type of changes (m 1, m 2 ... m n) prompting the skin step. Since abductions are weak, it is reasonable to consider the theory of abduction:

m ok 2 = m 1 + m 2 + ... + m n (2)

From a practical point of view, the mind should be put in mind: so that the skin attack development of the front edges can be avoided in small ways, then. They could not be lied to. Such is the case, because the damage to the skin of the anterior stage will be K times less per attack

m 1 = m 2 /K m 2 = m 3 /K

m 2 = m 1 *K m 3 = m 2 *K= m 1 *K 2 ,

de K is the coefficient of ensuring accuracy, which shows how many times the theft of output data is to blame for the theft of the data at this stage, so that it can be recovered.

For mass geodetic work during daily priming, take equal to 2 for all stages of development.

Butt:

Significant robots are drawn for planning on a scale of 1:500. The geodetic lining scheme consists of 3 steps, then n = 3, K = 2, then according to the formula (1) M ok = 0.2 * 500 = 10 cm. Then in the weakest case, the loss of the position of the lining point can reach 10 div.

Based on formula (3), let us rewrite formula (2)

m ok 2 =m 1 2 +m 2 2 Up to 2 +m 1 2 Up to 2 +m 1 2 Up to 4 (4)

m ok 2 = m 1 2 * 21

Stars m 1 =10 / Ö21 = 2.2 cm, m 2 = 4.4 cm, m 3 = 8.8 cm

The change in the position of the first step does not have to exceed 2.2 cm, the 2nd – 4.4 cm, the 3rd – 8.8 cm. Therefore, the changes in the front steps do not affect the accuracy of the position of the forward steps and the formula (1) is violated.

For example, you can take into account that m 3 is an error in the middle of the theodolite course, which extends to the polygonometry points of the 2nd category. m 2 - theft in the middle of the polygonometric move of the 2nd category, which is linked to the points of the polygonometry move of the 1st category, and m 1 - theft in the weak place of the polygonometry of the 1st category in relation to the points of the cob polygonometry ї high class.

Since, due to the different structures for this stage, the damage to the point in the middle of the equal polygonometric move is eliminated, then the damage to the move will be 2 slots larger.

Methodology for assessing the accuracy of the polar method

Let's look at the assessment of the accuracy of the point position, which is determined in a polar way through the infusion of linear and cutoffs. Let's write a function that expresses the location of the position of point N from the position of point A and the actual values ​​b and S.

B b X N = X A + Scosa AN (1)

N Y N = Y A + Ssina AN

dX N = dX A + cosa AN * dS - S * sin AN * da AN

dY N = dY A + sina AN * dS - S * cosa AN * da AN

Let's move on from the differentials to the SKP, replacing them with the squares of the SKP and raising the square of the factors at the differentials, then.

m 2 XN = m 2 XA + cos 2 a AN * m 2 S + S 2 * sin AN * (ma AN / ρ) 2

m 2 YN = m 2 YA + sin 2 a AN *m 2 S + S 2 *cosa AN *(ma AN / ρ) 2

m 2 XN, m 2 YN - abductions along the coordinate axes.

m t 2 = m t 2 A + m S 2 + S 2 *(ma AN / ρ) 2

m t = Ö m S 2 + S 2 *(ma AN / ρ) 2

Polygonometric measurements

Polygonometry is the broadest type of engineering geodetic support measurements. They are designed in the form of single moves, systems with node points that spiral into exit points of the highest category (class) or systems of closed polygons. Depends on the surface of the objects, their shape and the number of exit points.

In everyday polygonometry, the most labor-intensive process is the process of calibrating the stands. Historically, there are two main methods of vibrating lines: indirect and indirect.

For a straightforward way of vibrating, use distance meters or suspended instruments.

Indirectly, they are mired in a thread-like distance, as if the distance is inaccessible.

I mean, a lot of engineering and geodetic work ends up in forgotten territories, then the peculiarities associated with outside minds are to blame for these extinctions: the restoration of stone oblivion, asphalt surface And green plantings create unstable temperature fields. As a result, a strong refraction is added to the world. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a favorable hour - morning and evening, or gloomy weather. That’s why polygonometry signs are often placed on the dark side of the street.

The assessment of polygonometric (theodolite) moves is approaching

During everyday movements, repeat actions similar to the position of the point in a polar way. Therefore, to assess the accuracy of the position of the end point of the move, use the following formula:

M 2 = m 2 S *n + (n+3)/12*(ΣS*m b / ρ) 2 (2)

When assessing the accuracy of the move, there can be 2 approaches to the ultimate task:

1. Direct motion – if it is adjusted to the known exact parameters (m S, m b). For the calculated calculated loss of M, a borderline discrepancy in the course is determined and is equal to the permissible one. For this reason, use the following formula:

2M/ΣS ≤ 1/T (3), where T is a sign of a significant destruction of a particular class (category)

2. If it is necessary to select a technology or device to ensure the intended (prescribed) change in the position of the point of movement (at the weakest point).

Butt: A polygonometric course is designed ΣS = 1300 m, with center lines S av = 200 m. It is necessary to ensure the destruction of M = 8 cm. This means that for any accuracy it is necessary to carry out linear and cut measurements to ensure the specified accuracy.

Decision: The formula (2) is quick and the principle of equal inflows of cut and linear vimirs is established (it is acceptable that the inflows of cut and linear derivations are equal)

m S = M/Ö2n = 8/Ö6.5*2 = 8/Ö13 ≈ 3

n = 1300: 200 = 6.5

3cm/200m = 1/6700, about 1/7000

M 2 = 2 * (n+3)/12 * (ΣS m b / ρ) 2

M = ΣS m b / ρ * Ö(n+3)/6

m b = M ρ / ΣS * Ö(n+3)/6 = 8 cm * 206000 / 1300 = 10”

m b / ρ = 10” / 200000 = 1/20000

Methods of securing and coordinating wall signs

Methods of fixing wall signs in populated areas:

1) Vidnovna

2) Orientation

2. The number of moves, fixed with wall signs in the landmark system, is calculated in two ways:

a) the results of calibration of time-based work centers are compared in the original order and the verified coordinates are transmitted to the centers of wall signs in a polar way, or by notches.

b) the lines and lines, drawn in the passages by time-consuming work centers, are reduced to the centers of the wall signs, then finished in the same order in the same order.

The stupefaction “We are applying for a job as a surveyor” can be repeated very often. Moreover, such specialists are needed in various areas of activity: from everyday life to navigation. What's good for sleep, you might think, between everyday life and navigation? Everything is very simple: both here and there it is necessary to determine the exact coordinates and heights of points on the earth’s surface. And their jokes, applied to cartographic material, are the essence of a surveyor’s work. In this article, we will try to convey the essence of the profession, its important tasks, and we will try to answer the question: “So who is a surveyor?” Why is your job so important and why do you have to spend the whole day under the scorching sun and pouring rain?

What is a surveyor?

The surveyor is, first of all, an engineer who has undergone training and training from specialized departments (mainly MIIGAIK, GUZ). We are engaged in marking the coordinates of objects on the site on a paper or electronic device, or, in turn, indicating the placement of objects in accordance with the design data. That is why his robot is responsible for linking cartographic data with real-life tracking of objects. Surveyors are also called geodesic engineer, topographer, land surveyor, surveyor, cadastral engineer, etc. All these names are simply to indicate the specific type of activity of the surveyor. In fact, it can only be one person, because he has the necessary skills to work.

Engineer surveyor- deals with everyday life and everything that is connected with it. This includes the ordering of the geological basis. Topographer- Similar to “topography”, it is similar to topographical plans. Land survey engineer Having previously engaged in cadastral work and identifying the boundaries of land plots. Infection with the robot is victorious. builds robots in closed spaces - tunnels, ovens, etc. Each of them has its own nuances and techniques. But what brings them all to the new wind is the proud name of the profession – Surveyor. Until the speech, and they alone are sacred. The Day of Workers of Geodesy and Cartography is celebrated in Russia Another week it’s birch.

Why should the surveyor be timid?

It is important for surveyors to engage in land surveying, engineering and geodetic work, as well as large-scale mapping of industrial objects. The list of specific services that can be done is very wide. We present to you the most extensive and necessary:

Cadastral robots. Come in here. To transfer data about the location of objects to the cadastre of hearing loss.

What areas do you have requirements for?

The services of a surveyor are widely used by: for example, civil servants, architects and landscape designers, lawyers, geologists, motorists, dispatchers, analysts for forecasting regions and land workers and military and border guards. Cartographic significance between powers, to be honest, is a special and very important sphere of work.

There are companies that specialize in the development of environmental and navigational maps, in various types of geodetic surveying using laser scanning data, as well as in the creation of topographical plans in digital appearance and trivial ones. models of locality. But mostly private companies are connected in any way with the designs and activities of various industries and disputes.

What principle does she follow?

For a long time, Russia had a sovereign monopoly on geodetic work, and all the necessary activities were carried out by the government organizations and enterprises, including those of the state. In the future, all the collected data were classified as secret by the military.

The Federal Agency for Geodesy and Cartography is also active, as this area provides a wealth of resources. This is a great organization with regional subdivisions and a low state of enterprises. She is engaged in a very wide range of tasks: from supporting the state geodetic survey at the work station to space exploration and designing software systems. Ale, as in the budgetary sector, a surveyor-surveyor here cannot afford a large salary.

Regardless of the state infrastructure and the unimportance of military disclosure of cartographic data, the market for geodetic services from private companies in Russia is still taking shape and there are a number of licenses for companies that are engaged in geodetic work. accounts, already numbering in the thousands. Over the past decade, the demand for such robots has grown significantly, not only in the sphere of everyday life, but also in their ability to ensure technical security. It is not surprising that private companies have turned out to be more flexible and have to keep up with the times according to the plan of the government.

As in most professions, which are directly related to geodesy, it is, of course, scientific geodesy. It’s a pity that in our country, the fahivs most often have to choose between a poor, low-paid job at NDI and a high salary for monotonous work at private organizations.

Also, surveying engineers work at government enterprises, in the military sphere (military topography, linking launch complexes and artillery), at numerous private firms, and themselves as individual entrepreneurs. At times, they can engage in minor work and cadastral activities (subject to the presence of a certificate).

I would also like to look into the employment of a surveyor. It is important that the fragments are already destroyed due to normal operating procedures.

Of course, many people work 5 working days and 2 days of sleep. They pay for wages and possible bonuses for over-processing, etc. Most often, this is the case at government enterprises, for example, at the Moscow Geotrust and the like.

It's based on a shift method. So the surveyor spends an hour at work from 2 to 6 days. I work there every day. Call on a rotational basis to work in remote parts of our fatherland while laying gas and naphtha pipes, etc.

This is a robot option due to actual importance. This means work on a contractual basis. There are no robots, there are no robots that can be preferred.

The surveyor's choice is very great due to the nature of his vanity.

Things necessary for a surveyor

The surveyor's work has been set up to be important and important. You have to walk a lot, often completely unsuited to this place, and still enduring all the necessary equipment. This means strength and vibrancy are required. It is important to carry out a large number of similar experiments and measurements. Respect and consistency cannot be compromised. On the daily Maidan it will also happen gradually. And through the often-squeezed terms of Vikonannya, it is possible to practice in any weather, be it sinter, rain or snow. Steadfastness and patience will help you get out of trouble.

Also necessary skills for speaking with people, backed up by the authority of Aje, the geodesist-fahivets, who controls the progress of the survey of any work, will be required to explain what is going wrong. On the other hand, geodesy also has a part of creativity. Even if every day of life is unique, and planning from time to time reveals what needs to be revealed creativity. The world of folding spores can also be quite unusual. We won’t say garna prostorova ujava, accurate estimateі scrupulousness.

You are unlikely to find a specialist who has all these skills. He would be an ideal surveyor. Ale more often than not we just hang out with people laid downі patient. As it seems, “being too busy and working will grind everything down.”

Surveyor salary

You can earn money from a private surveying company in varying amounts depending on your qualifications and employment status. Those who work for everyday workers have the highest salaries.

The average salary in Moscow is: 40-60 thousand per month.

The average salary in St. Petersburg is now set at 30-50 thousand per month.

There is a lot to be said for the qualifications of an engineer, the type of activity of the company, importance, etc. Of course, if you figure out the numbers wisely, you can earn 300-400 thousand per month, but such a place is not so easy to occupy.

And if you follow the contract and the fact of the contract, then the direct contractor (surveyor) takes away 15-30% of the contract price.

A competent surveyor can save a significant amount of money on the management and operation of many objects. Geodetic research makes it possible to correctly select the location for work, as well as to correctly determine the location of buildings, places, routes and pipelines, for example, on a specific site. Control tests both during the production process and after its completion are a guarantee of the consistency of the project, and therefore, the reliability and durability of the project. And monitoring for deformations during operation will help to identify and promptly correct any oversights.

Geodesy is a science, without which it is impossible to discern the current world with all its boxes, spores, and maps. Whether life begins from the start, this work is not as simple as it is from the beginning. The responsibility for this is directly due to the knowledge of impersonal discipline, and the minimum of special characteristics in order to successfully work in this direction. This article examines what geodesy and remote sensing are, how to learn these specialties for which it will be necessary and how to then get into work.

The essence of a surveyor's work and description of his specialty

What is the beginning of everyday life? From the world's territory, the importance of locality, objects on it, soil storage, the presence of groundwater and the absence of other nuances, which are often completely unconscious for the inhabitant. Most surveyors work in this area themselves. Places will grow, booths will appear, drinks will grow on the fakhivtsev.

In fact, geodesy is a much broader niche than it appears at first glance. Geodetic robots are divided into three levels:

• The first rhubarb is the collection of singing locality, the discovery of points on the earth's surface according to the relief, the folding of topographic maps. The world itself allows for bridges, roads, rowing, massacres and disputes.
• Another aspect of geodesy is extinction on a regional scale. whose equals will be according to the curvature of the earth’s surface.
• The third river is the crown jewel of geodesy. The entire surface of the earth is affected, the planet becomes vast, its gravitational field and much more.

Expanded benefits to applicants

Geodesy and remote sensing are considered to be exact sciences. The training in this directly relies on a student with a mathematical mind, the ability to understand various formulas and indicators, knowledge of chemical and physical processes. It is also necessary for the mother to be in good health, so that she has to be “on her feet” for a long time, to accurately record the results of recovery, and to work on the basis of the obtained data. A surveyor is expected to spend half of his working hour at home at the transferred site with bulky and unmanual equipment, carry out surveys from different points, and constantly move. It is practically impossible for this robot to remain exposed to weather conditions. Whether it’s rain, snow, sleep or cold, the surveyor is obliged to immediately carry out his research, solve the problem and give a pouch to the surveyor. Continuity in current places does not stop with the arrival of an unpleasant season, and therefore, the leadership of this profession may be prepared before any attempts are made.

The trivialities of the beginning and the main skills

In most cases, as demonstrated by the initiative behind the program “Geodesy and Remote Sensing,” its triviality consists of close to four fates. During this period, the student picks up a lot of useful skills and knowledge that he needs in his future work. Among them you can see the following:

• will organize and carry out field office topographical and geodetic work, surveying from the wind;
• Make sure to create a map or plan based on the data taken from the results of aerial surveys;
• It is possible to understand and decipher information from video of photographic materials taken from the process of ground and surface acquisition, as well as from space satellites;
• Please continue to update the current maps and plans of locality in order to identify changes;
• construction of 3D models of the earth's surface, engineering complexes with the specific features of the landscape;
• development of innovative robots necessary for everyday life, design and development of engineering complexes;
• research of nature and resources from vicious sensing;
• transformation of various fields of the earth and other planets;
• creation of topographical and cadastral maps;
• change of land; probing the surface with a view to developing infrastructure;
• control over the ecology of the region.

Geodesy and remote sensing: Russian universities

The job of a surveyor is very specific. Any significant initial investment can clearly demonstrate the illuminating activity of someone directly through the availability of material resources and personnel training. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the direct line “Geodesy and remote sensing” has been assigned to 16 initial deposits. There are stinks in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ulan-Ude, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Michurinsk, Voronezh and Nizhny Novgorod. Among these 16, the most promising ones can be seen as follows:

• geodesy and cartography.
• National University of Land Management.
• URFU im. B. N. Yeltsin.
• National Scientific Institute of Russia near St. Petersburg.

All these initial deposits are located in separate places, equipped with all the necessary material and information bases and widely known international activities not only in Russia, but also in foreign countries.

Ural Federal University

I would like to express my respect to URFU im. B. N. Yeltsin. This university is located in the Sverdlovsk region, near the city of Yekaterinburz. In Galuzia, the supply of lighting services has been in operation since 1920. It guarantees its students a promotion to the military service and a diploma from the State Military Service. The VNZ warehouse includes 14 branches in different places, a business school and an institute of management and entrepreneurship. The initial mortgage regularly takes its toll on the ratings. Over two thousand of the region's universities are located in the 107th place. From here, students can learn not only the specialty “Geodesy and Distance Sensing”, but also other equally demanding and prestigious professions from a wide array of technical, economic, humanities and natural sciences.

Minimum passes and sleep

At URFU "Geodesy and remote sensing" is a specialty of the house, prestigious and may be popular with applicants. To enter this specialty, you must complete 11 grades of school and major in mathematics (professional), computer science and ICT, as well as Russian language. The minimum passing score from the first two passes is 55 points. The Russian language must be set to 36. Among the applicants of the past, the passing score increased to 191. With this, for the applicants there were 18 budget places for the price of specialization. For all categories of students, a discount of up to 20% is available for a fee.

After graduating from school and learning other principles, every person is faced with the question: “What profession do I want to get into so that I will be the one in demand in the future?” This diet is shaped by such officials as beginners, knowledge and memory of people in Galuzia. Many people are lawyers, economists, doctors and teachers. However, today's specializations are becoming less popular.

Today the profession of surveyors is becoming popular. It is necessary to say what exactly this activity is affecting in particular minds - and, perhaps, not for the skin. This demand is directly confirmed by the fact that more people want to become surveyors themselves at the geodesy department.

What is the essence of the profession of a surveyor?

1. The surveyor conducts an instrumental survey of the locality and developments necessary to facilitate the processes of data change.
2. Vikorist materials of collection and deconstruction are prepared in the field of geodesy, current updates of locality maps depend on the geodetic situation.
3. The surveyor also monitors the life and technical resources during their daily life and operation.

This profession is both creative and intellectual, and even the surveyor needs to constantly analyze, explain data, find rational and at the same time extraordinary solutions for possible solutions (for example, as the foundation of any technical And if the requests are made and the alarms fail, the surveyor is responsible for obtaining the best possible result and correcting the data. . nutrition vikoryst and vimiruvalnye tools, knowledge in geometry and geography).

What school subjects should you know to become a surveyor?

The basis for successful mastery of the profession will be professional training in such subjects as:

• mathematics,
• geography,
• geometry,
• armchair,
• physics

With in-depth knowledge in these areas, you will always be able to stay ahead of the curve in many moves, and when it comes time to make the right choice and make the right decisions.

When starting with VNZ, it is important to learn such basic subjects as topography, cartography and geodesy - they themselves are the basis of the profession of a surveyor.

The disadvantages of this specialization can be called::

1. Non-standard working day
2. Parts of the change of work place (You are required to work both in the office and on the street).

However, if these disadvantages do not bother you, then you can rest assured that you will definitely not be forced to work at work, even if your work will not be one-time.

Profession surveyor - salary

Since there is no need for a salary, a young fakhivets of the first 2–3 years earns about 20–30 thousand rubles. Fakhіvets with evidence may earn an amount of 50 - 60 thousand rubles.