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What is information?

Information in a secretly received form is information that is transmitted from one subject to another by speech, writing or in any other way (for example, through the use of smart signals, through various technical features etc.), as well as the transfer process or the removal of these records and information exchange.

Information for every person is a source of energy. It is important that people take advantage of her.

Otherwise, more specifically important information as the universal power of matter is less known. Information - this
the immaterial category of the All-World, encoded in material terms and with decoding and adequate reactivity, which prevents the consistency of statistical processes from the transition from disorder to order; or, as they usually say in physics, information is the value of entropy with a turning sign, or negative entropy.

However, as an intangible category, information from the ruins of the wear is either known or recoded. New information arises only from the episodic processes of the creation of a new nose. The episodic process is the totality of episodic processes, the consistency of which is extremely small, and the less the reliability of the creation of a new product, the greater the consistency of the created information. Such processes are accompanied by natural selection.

The selection of unreasonable arguments and synthesis is beyond visibility, information, and the instantaneous totality of knowledge of the subject (subjects). VR e Menna u sensi dovichna. All information is known about the ruins of the nose - both in the people and in ontogenesis. Father's information, which is newly released, can be saved only for the people of the new Nosiya.

The greater the extent of the aggregate knowledge of the subject, swelled in ontogenesis (temporal), the more the point of contact with the unknown is revealed, the wider the associative field of reality, the deeper the emotional tension, the greater the clarity of decoding objective information from wear that should be worn . It is obvious that at this stage of social development, access to objective information, or, more precisely, information about objective reality is even limited for us. In this way, we can talk about information and information as two mutually involved concepts.

Entropy is a very specific physical quantity with the size of cal/deg, which is always greater than zero, then. positive, which is physically understood as the law of the transition of heat from a hot body to a cold one. Besides, for the concept of “information”, the term entropy denotes another concept, and it itself is expressed through a connection with the statistical concept of the transition from disorder to order, which is so little understood, as well as the concept “ Information" is expressed in its simplest form by a connective, discovered by Boltzmann and Gibbs in 1872:

Entropy=k·lgD, de:

• D is a strong indication of the disorder of the atomic-molecular structure in speech;
• and k is the Boltzmann constant = 1.3807 10 -23 J/K.

Coming from the significant concept of Information as entropy with the turning sign, it is obvious that the Universe has uncoated, or rather, self-ordering processes that allow you to extract Information without decoding, or, at the same time, processes , which allows for the return transition of heat from a cold body to a hot one. Such self-inflicted processes gradually emerge throughout our self-created life. Obtaining information without decoding when creating something like this.

From the perspective of physics, it is obvious that living organisms, like everything that reaches the Universe, constantly change their entropy, or they vibrate into disorder and thus approach the point of becoming minimal entropy, until I will become “absolute zero” and the temperature will become too middling, which means “thermal death” “organism, and the speed of entropy change is approximately the same as the speed of cooling a kettle - depending on the temperature of the core and body mass of the body. The stench can be unique "ostigannya", then. to lose the living, only steadily drawing heat from too much of the middle, or negative entropy, like an ordinary household refrigerator, drawing electricity, draws heat in a closed relationship with a cold body. And life, harmonizing the energy that is contained in food products, maintains the temperature of homeostasis (+36.6ºС for the species homo erectus). Bacteria at the end of the living lance produce negative entropy from the broth, transforming it into the various substances that live on the plants, producing positive entropy from the sun.

In other words, metabolic processes in the body lead to an increase in entropy, and self-regulation of these processes and homeostasis change. And the closer to zero the balance of positive and negative entropy is, the greater the survival of the organism, the greater the strength of natural selection. Negative entropy is something that organisms draw from too much of the middle (the difference between the temperature of the core and the temperature of the body) to support their homeostasis (the stability of the internal middle) and their own comfort. Living with the Universe, according to physics, is a steady, uninterrupted development of entropy with a turning sign.

Life is simply an adaptation to the minds of Dovkill, from the core of immanent information as the fundamental power of matter. We carry such information: double-spiral, closed (according to Mobius) stable nuclear RNA as a micromodel of the Universe, brought to this planet with the ice of any asteroid, if there was no atmosphere on the other one.

The yak axis views the problem K.Yu. Yeskov in his “History of the Earth and Life on It”: “Our approach to the problem of life on Earth will be purely functional, and within this framework we must accept one axiomatic affirmation: the evolution of the biosphere and storage systems. ї ecosystems are at the forefront of development, tobto. stable and economical (which attract negative entropy with minimal expenditures), circulation of speech and energy. Improvement of cycles is aimed at minimizing the irrevocable waste of biological systems: the ecosystem will not eliminate the removal of microelements and the burial of unoxidized carbon, transfer water from surface drainage to underground water. Therefore, from the extra-planetary point of view of life, we can see how to stabilize the existing geochemical cycles on the planet.”

However, the true essence of this concept lies not in the romantic interplanetary mantras of the “seeds of life”, but in the fact that life is simply one of the fundamental powers of matter, and nutrition about the history of life stands in that row , what and, for example, nutrition about the influence of gravity (but this does not mean at all that we will stop wondering about these nutrients, moreover, these phenomena are “one of the fundamental powers of matter”).

“In this plan, Eigen’s successor was the biochemist G. Kastler (1966), who analyzed the behavior of the nucleic acid system within the framework of information theory. It is important to assume that new information is received by the system only if it makes a random selection (“tick method”) with the subsequent storage of its results, and not for the purpose of direct selection. the brightest option. In the end, we can only talk about the implementation of the same information that is embedded in the system initially, and about seeing already obvious information from the “noise” (or decoding).

The very possibility of novelty (that is, the act of creativity) is defined by the authorities of information as follows: as shown by A.A. Lyapunov (1965), the laws of conservation are not expanded, then. Information, when replaced as matter and energy, can be re-created (and, obviously, can be irrevocably wasted.)"

Here it is necessary to see two warehouses of a single process of information extraction based on the laws of natural selection: creation of a transition with the necessary and sufficient minds to change the diversity of the product and the repetition of the “variable” choice, or in terms of information theory – seeing already obvious information in the ecosystem from “noise” . The fallout and fallout are words of the same root, and the fallacy of any nation is, first of all, seen from the transition already evident in the ecosystem of core information and “the purpose of direct selection of the shortest option.” “On those pike in the sea, so that the crucian carp does not sleep.” Alecia corris information is not reduced (div. lower mutation and borderline minds).

What is the criterion for the quality of Natural Selection and what kind of information is useful?

Natural selection does not require any other tool for perfecting its creations, except for the statistical throwing of brushes or the “tick method”, where after every throw there is population and death, and the greater the frequency of generational change (or the number of children) kіv people-deaths for the mind one hour, scho is indicated by body mass, more precisely, energy expended on its development), this increases the fluidity of the gene pool exchange, the greater the advantage manifested in interspecies struggle, the wider the species ecological niche and the richness of Natural Selection.

However, the fluidity of gene pool exchange can be increased not only by the frequency of generation changes, but also by the number of individuals in one succession (for example, fish, mosquitoes).

Therefore, Natural Selection’s criterion for vigor is the most primitive, the leanest, and the most reliable: an increase in the population biomass. The greater the biomass of the population, the greater the frequency of change of generation or number of people-deaths, the greater the strength of the selection.

However, this statistical law of selection follows the law of minimization of energy intensity for the growth of the surrounding “experimental” individual, so that it does not empty its ecological niche for nothing. This is permissible by this very selection, but only on the present day. For roslins, for example, there is no other way to improve their appearance. You have an important legacy.

To achieve the most effective selection mechanism in the wild, the Savians inevitably adapt to the sign of monogamy - paired families, which primates, oxen, and elephants have long understood. So that the death of millions of spermatozoa from one portion of ejaculate at the dose to the uterine egg is not pointless, in the female’s body it is to blame, the mechanism that preserves adaptation information is to blame Iyu, collected by the male in the fight against transcodes.

Therefore, the male undergoes almost three days of renewal of his brood material, which accumulates information about changes in the excessive fluid (transitions that occur) and the reaction of the male’s body to them, and in the ovaries of the female It is necessary to preserve this information after cutaneous coitus and transfer it to the cutaneous egg germ during ovulation. On the right, in the female body there is a deformed, abnormal number of egg buds. Adjust the number of monthly months between 13 and 45-49, and you will remove the number of egg embryos: approximately 350-400 pcs. Like the Buryans. In the human body, the generation of ejaculate does not stop until the next year.

This is such an important legacy. This fence on mating matings improves the productivity of the paired family and improves the quality of their offspring. This is where you get some basic information. The female body, during fornication, accumulates secretions that are introduced by foreign ejaculate, and physiological and mental ones, and the human body wastes its genetic material and accumulated vital necessities. I will draw information.

Therefore, the more substance in a single portion of ejaculate during coitus and the more often the coitus needs it, the more important it is in the natural selection. In the case of ssavtsev, the birth begins at the hour of the flow of ejaculate products through the fallopian tubes, for the sake of “spreading” one gynecology “publicity” of a great power, approximately 250 million. thorough mechanism for natural selection of equals today.

This mechanism has been developed by us and our evolutionary ancestors twelve times, similar to other creatures and primates, for steaming, which initiates the seasonal preparation of the food supply for the breeding of offspring. And we pay for this completeness at a high price - we will accelerate the wear and tear of the female body and its reproductive function. 40-45 years is the climax. This is true for the present, but for the ancestral one it is even less so. And for the estimated average statistical value of biological activity for the average weight of 75-80 kg, approximately 130 rubles.

What kind of a family of primates could appear, in which terms of ovulation of the uterine egg became stale not during the sleepy river cycle, but during the monthly, monthly, for which minds such a transformation of the most complex became possible the mechanism of creation is a hidden place for us. It is not divine providence.

The only plausible guess is the all-season independence of the food supply of the long-armed goose-nosed bird, which has mastered the fruiting layer of the tropical forest. In addition to the seasonal independence of the fruit food base, there is also a lack of presence in our body of the mechanism for the production of ascorbic acid (and human interferon). All animals produce vitamin C (and not interferon). Everything except humans, erysipelas and guinea pigs. Will our ancestral mammal still need this mechanism, in which ascorbic acid is available all year round in food and stimulates the production of the most effective antibiotic - interferon?

Why is there a twelve-month menstrual cycle and every month in the same phase? This may mean that the “tidal” action of our planet’s satellite was stronger than ever. This “tidal” month meant an adaptive influx on the reproductive function of the species that became our ancestors.

Also, the single criterion of natural selection laid down in the genome is an increase in the population biomass. І displacement of this component is possible only in case of a change in the rate of replication of a new organism or the presence of defects in the necessary and sufficient minds of a change in the rate of replication.

For example, komakha earthen crayfish, cabbage weed, cabbage weed mate only in the early month (summer season) and the heifers in the weed; Even though they evaporate on the surface, salmon, in order to release eggs, must go into the mouth of its own river, break through a thick layer of “evils” along the way to the threads and, having risen, fall into the rotting body - food for their offspring, which bears genetic memory' talk about the flow of your river; a man asks his wife for his mother, and a woman asks for her father; all males go through the ritual of love fight, foal, fun = share: equal. “addresses” and even more anonymous butts... Especially gifted children in Russia are designated by the order: “Neither as a mother, nor as a father, but as a young fellow.”

However, it is not at all obligatory that the supernatural creativity will always lead to the vision of valuable information from the crossing - the appearance of offspring.

It seems that A.A. Lyapunov will not have mercy here. This basic power of information lies at the basis of the laws of the biogenesis of the planet and Natural Selection, and if it were not so, it would be simpler to call Information a god. Information from worn out noses is known or recoded, or can be created from the understanding of episodic processes, and not necessarily biochemical ones, but also physical ones, and episodicity is the basis of ideas. The harshness of this is indicated by a strong indicator of the disorder of the atomic-molecular structure in the speech D according to Boltzmann's law -Gibbs. This is for physical processes.

For biological processes in which Natural Vidbir operates, an indicator of disorder is the number of spermatozoa spent per revolution of one generation, divided into a number of individuals, people and those who survived this bet. For the species homo erectus, the optimal number of sperm in a portion of ejaculate is 180-250 million. A place less than 150 million is called oligospermia, in which conception is turned off.

If you multiply the number of spermatozoa by the average number of mated bets for the term of the reproductive function of the female and divide it by the number of generations that have survived the statistic Otherwise, the return value of this number will show the relative relevance of the visibility of the relevant information to the “noise” of the ecosystem for this bet. This is for an ideal bet, which includes wastage, which reduces the intensity of information.

Thus, anthropogenesis can be seen as a gradual development of the inherent information contained in the genome of the ancestral form of primate. In the species Homo erectus, the frequency of generation changes is 12 times higher, lower in other species. Women regulate both the head and a single anthropomorphic sign, which signifies the fluidity and vigor of anthropogenesis.

The only important, relevant values ​​in our life are the value of a woman, the honor of a man, her deep love for her children. This is all. There is mutual respect between families and people of old age. This is Batkivshchyna. Love before Batkivshchyna and zakhist її. This is the power.

Take care of your wife, your one half! The beauty of a woman is the basis of sovereignty. Only a mother’s warmth can irritate the alarmist and protector of the Batkivshchyna.

Information, like life, is the fundamental power of matter, and can be spent as an individual life with the general obligation of information-information, rather than living as the immanent power of the All-World.

You can calculate a large indicator of disorder for a single mass of any speech, which means volatility - the numerical value of the credibility of the system, for which new information can be blamed.

logD = Entropy/k

Or, using the proposed method, calculate the potential for the use of new information for Natural Selection. And what is lower is the reliability, then the greater the intensity of the Natural Selection, then the greater the intensity of the visible information.

Another warehouse of a single process of culpable information is the refurbishment of the ecosystem by re-codes, in which seeing information based on the criterion of increased biomass becomes impossible, leading to the death of the ecosystem and the degeneration of the species or to the mut agentic vibration. Here, perhaps, it is necessary to throw away even the most important borderline minds. Well, it was necessary to send them away a long time ago, and the stinks were important in the advanced worlds, because... Natural selection works with new information only for strip-like changes.

The selection does not confirm clear results with continuous changes to the falling information, because they do not fall as signs when seeing information from noise, so all attempts to identify “intermediate forms” and between species are doomed to failure. Continuous changes in the spasmodic information in the middle of the mind - this spasm “noise” of the system when “purposeful selection of the shortest option” .

Hugo de Vries (Hugo de Vries, 1848-1935) - botanist from Holland on the milky butt of Lamarck's Donkey (Oenothera lamarckiana), developing Darwin's theory of the divergence of species, and that a new species is not the result of incremental accumulation without interruption Their change to phenotype is possible with the synthetic theory. STE), and the result of thread-like changes (over many generations), which transform one species into another.

“Stribka-like expression means in this case not those changes that are even more significant, but rather the fact of high frequency, since between immutable individuals and a large number of changes there are no intermediate forms. De Vries called it a mutation. Here is the essence of joy itself. Physics is guessed by quantum theory - there are also no intermediate differences between the two energetic levels of the atom. The physicist would be able to call de Vries' mutation theory a quantum theory of biology. We will learn later that there is much more lower figurative expression. Mutations actually result in “quantum strips” in the gene molecule. The quantum theory was only two years old when de Vries first published his version (1902). It’s not surprising that it took the life of an entire generation to establish a close bond between them!<…>

The current knowledge of the mechanism of recession is closely related to the very basis of quantum theory and, moreover, revolves around it. This theory was formulated by Max Planck in 1900. Modern genetics begins with the “discovery” of Mendelian work by de Vries, Correns and Chermak (1900 r.) and with de Vries’ work on mutations (1901-1903 r.). In this way, the hour for the birth of the two great theories may be speeding up, and it is not surprising that the two of them have reached the golden age of maturity before the ties between them can be broken.

Quantum theory needed over a quarter of a century, like 1926-1927. V. Heitler and F. London formulated the basic principles of the quantum theory of chemical bonds. The Heitler-London theory includes the most subtle and complex concepts of the later quantum theory, called quantum mechanics, or cow mechanics. The contribution without zastosuvaniya great mathematics may be difficult, or it would cost you a small book to rent. But now, if all the work has already been conquered, it becomes possible to establish connections between quantum transitions and mutations” (Schrödinger Erwin).

One weak point of de Vries’ mutation theory is the highest nutrition: how a pair of “cripples”, “white crows” with new signs (both unknown and brown) can find one another in the updates of the ecological science What are the best ways to consolidate mutational changes in the phenotype? Half of the species is found in the diet itself. The very changes in the minds of the ecosystem that have not accumulated, the impossibility of the transition is the basis of a mutational bulge or a streak-like guilt of new information. Further, the statistical laws of Natural Selection come into play.

Well, I guess. In the broadest sense we can put a sign of equality between the concepts of “information” and “life”. An organism is alive as long as its brain can stretch and process and decode information. And the only way to heal the brain is through the acquisition, decoding of information and the generation of influxes that can be controlled.

And not some abstract, “nobody’s” organism, but our organism.

Until the last second of biological activity, the brain is concerned with nothing, processes information and performs other activities. There are stories about the cesspool of immortality, the basis of all cults. Creatures have a daily need for cultic observances, and therefore, statements about the prison life.

And only the human brain, relying on the existence and protecting information created on the occult of God and the waste of necropolises. And since your sperm itself has broken through myriads of generations and billions of deaths before life, be sure to continue working in your earthly vale for just 25-30 thousand. days Remember that, like all other creatures, we have nothing. The founders of all faiths and their apologists, who frame our innate religion (conscience) as mischief, knew it well enough. The basis of all confessions is the dogma of anthropocentrism - “the crown of creation” “after the image and likeness” and “paradise” according to that. Having called the end of the “creatures”, the Church fell. And every person who knows that there is no payment “in this world” values ​​every day and everything else “in this world” in a completely different way. I love and hate.

The energetic value of the body’s over-worldly creativity is determined by the need for constant nourishment of its brain with a single hedgehog - information, therefore energy is spent on creativity, such as reading , forever above world. And the pinnacle of creative efforts is constant self-giving, self-sacrifice, self-sacrificial bet - the basis of any kind of generosity and the guarantee of the health of the people's nose with seen information.

Also, supermundane energy is always spent on creativity whenever new information emerges from any physical system.

And now let’s put the food that is the current totality of knowledge of the subject and what is objective information, which we are crammed with information for the masses and how we can work the body for living, filtering Why the hell is this important information for life? Is it catastrophically old?), what kind of organism can be taken from the dead, and what else can be destroyed?

Aside from life, human life, there is still a problem that is typical: an increase in negative entropy and a change in social disorder among the population.

Immunity is a mathematical category, so we can talk about the regularities of epileptic symptoms. For a closed system, it becomes equal to zero when it decodes information from too many media. Or more categorically, information does not include the security of information.

Variability is a law of great order, which is indicated by a large indicator of the disorder of the atomic-molecular structure in accordance with the Boltzmann-Gibbs law and by a large indicator of the disorder and other systems - biological, social, cosmic.

Matter is an objective reality, reflected in the Information about its power, in which case the world of objectivity of matter does not lie behind the reality of the subject. According to physics, matter consists of speech and fields. The rechovina is a vast expanse of atomic-molecular rocks, enclosed in a field for nine-tenths of its capacity (in the middle, depending on the strength and aggregate state of the rechovina, the greatest thickness of the rechovina is in its rare phase).

Evidence is the presence of a subject before the reflection of objective reality, matter, based on the information generated by the people, decoded information during ontogenesis and emotions, which emerged during why - individual mental reactions.

A sound stereotype is the careful formation of associative connections between the word and the spoken sound.

Suspiciousness is a summary vector of individual interests (Russian special background) in society.

Conscience (lat. RELIGIO) is a genetically weakened social category, which means a stable state of the psyche of an isolated subject in a society in which he evaluates his behavior in such a way, never having been drunk, with the appraising glance of other subjects. And so is the motivation for the behavior of an unisolated subject among similar other subjects in society.

Freedom is marvelous. Conscience

Need, evil. The sage said: “The slaughter of life means slaughter among people and death.” Let's add yogo. Demand is our people’s life and death between the vectors of individual justice, under Vlada’s right to assign enormous power.

Self-control, innocence, cold-bloodedness - a model of behavior of specialness that implements the will of the core structures of Vlad (div.), or the capacity of an absolute egoist. A person with a conscience, who has freedom of choice, is always emotional.

1. 8 Information Theories This term is defined by a formal method for quantifying an array of points in terms of the number of choices, such as the one who is on the right side of these points. According to the values, the amount of information that appears in the beats and is briefly designated as N, which fits into the array of equal choices, is expressed as log2 N, where N is the number of choices. In this manner, answer the question: “Are you coming?” – one bit of information is secure, there are only two to choose from and log2 2=1. (Please note that this does not matter, although it is true.) If one chooses from 16 equal alternatives, this choice will provide 4 bits of information (log216 = 4). It is assumed that less information is transmitted, then more information is transmitted from one party to another.

What is important is that this living concept of information is parallel to what physicists know about entropy and decay. If the structure is highly structured and is not characterized by volatility, the indicators of both entropy and information are low. This significant term, however, is not connected with what is known, but with what could be known; Well, this trace should be conceptually separated from 2. 2. Greater meaning: whatever material is substituted. The meaning of the term is close to the standard meaning for non-specialists. The information here is, basically, either known, extracted, analyzed or understood. When the concept of models of information processing was first introduced in cognitive psychology, the term information was coined in the meaning of 1. However, the difficulty of knowing how much information fits into the mind and therefore , there is a kimos, who is on the right with clearly straight, but folded information (for example, this proposition), shvidko led to displacement to value 2.

INFORMATION

information; Information) refers to all data that reaches the person through various sensory-perceptual and sensory-motor channels, as well as data that is already processed by the central nervous system, interiorized and reinterpreted by the person and presented and in her head she has the appearance of mental representations . The cognitive turn in science has placed at the center of pre-research interests ahead of cognitive information, as specifically human information that emerges upon acceptance and adoption I'm sorry. The subject of cognitive science is mental information, as J. Fodor defines it as “internal code”; J.Miller and F.Johnson-Laird under mental information represent a “conceptual structure” [Miller, Johnson-Laird 1976]; R. Jackendoff, prior to the establishment of a cognitive theory, involves the development of the structure of mental information and the principles of “computation” (calculation) of this information. Mental information can be related to different mental spaces, which can become information about the real world, plans, transformations, intentions, etc. Conceptual information is viewed as a result of human cognitive activity, as place information, which has already become a product of human processing and knowledge structure. Conceptual information arises in the process of understanding all the information that comes through different channels, and can include both information about the objective state of reference in the world and information about the possibilities of communication. This and the country are right with them.

INFORMATION

in Latvian informatio – clarification, summary) – from the beginning – whatever information is transmitted by people in sleep, writing or otherwise. way; From the middle of the 20th century. - a fundamental scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, people and technical devices, technical devices, the exchange of signals in the world of plants and creatures, the transfer of signs from one cell to another, from one organism to another. Conflictology has an information approach to the development and regulation of conflicts that have not yet been discussed, the need and importance of this has not been recognized through the youth of science. Information approach in conflictology m.b. stagnation in many major areas. 1. The scope of investigation of real conflicts, which can be subject to systemic information analysis. Whatever decisions are made by the parties to the conflict are based on the information models of the conflict situation that they have. The process of conflictual interaction itself is an exchange. between participants in the conflict. The key to the understanding of conflicts lies in the researched information medium, in the minds and under the influx of such a stench, they arise, develop and end. 2. Stereotypes of people’s behavior in conflicts are the result of information influx into life. Vivcheniya of what you see I. This is the way to shape the unknown motives of conflicting actions of people in the future - an important direct investigation and regulation of conflicts. 3. The entry of a third party into the conflict in a constructive manner is of an informational nature. Clear information and secure conflict management is the key to the successful work of a conflictologist. 4. Conflictology itself contains scientific knowledge about conflicts, the development of certain orders, the laws of abrogation, transfer and conservation. In the 20th century The authors of 607 dissertations on conflictology researched approximately 10% of I., which is a problem in science, as they represent, and approximately 1% of I. From advanced sciences. Difficulties in wider conflictology I. galvanize the development of science.

INFORMATION

in Latvian informare - to formulate an understanding about something) - the totality of information that replaces the insignificance of the choice of various possibilities. In engineering psychology - any changes in the ceramic process that are displayed on the information model or immediately received by the operator, as well as commands, insertions due to the need to change them and other inputs into the control process. Whether the information is informative, because it represents those that we did not know before this information. The report is a collection of information about the physical system. The core of the operator’s activity is the totality of visual, acoustic and other signals received at a given hour, and the “signals” that are in the operator’s memory. The information evokes a sense (to be clear about the greatness of the information) only if the state of the system is not known in the past, therefore, then the system in power is at a stage of insignificance. As a world of insignificance, the concept of entropy is introduced. The insignificance of the system changes when any information about this system is removed. The greater the number of data that can be removed and the greater the significance, the more information about the system can be obtained. Therefore, it is natural for the amount of information to vary due to changes in the entropy of this system, which will be specified in detail. As the output (a priori) entropy of the system was H(X), and after removing information about this system (for example, after updating information on the imaging processes), the entropy became H0(X), then the amount of information removed Жї older: 1 = Н(Х) -H0(X). In this practically important case, if, after removing the data, the state of the system becomes completely significant, then H0(X) = 0, since the amount of information removed is the previous entropy of the system: 1 = H(X). Vikoristovana in the activity of operator I. classified as low sign. For confessions I. It can be a command (gives statements about the need to carry out singing actions) or an acknowledgment (gives statements about the situation that has developed). Behind my character I. may be relevant (relevant in a given situation) and irrelevant (not relevant in a given situation; this may also appear unfairly from the point of view of the effectiveness of the operator’s work, so it is called a distortion). I, nareshti, from a glance again I. It is divided into supermundane and hopeless. The introduction of supernumerary (image, natural language) is an effective way to combat code overrides and increases resistance to operator override. The quantity of I. that is transmitted to operators due to the way they are displayed on controls can be significantly reduced by the quantity of I. , what was found (entropies of Dzherel I.). This importance is determined, first of all, by the fact that, as for the technical communication channel, part of the information can be spent for the code conversion. In other words, quantity I. will be charged for the price of vikoristannya dodatkova I. This is due to the fact that in the process of obtaining data that is stored in the operator’s memory, it is also necessary for the operator to carry out any calculations, check logical minds or create memories respect for the entire piece of information. Therefore, in the cascade, the intensity of I., which is converted by the operator, is similar to H = N + N - N. The unit is used to modify the intensity of I. There is a double unit, or a beat. Bit is the entropy of the simplest system, which has two equal states. The operator removes one double unit (one bit) when selecting one of two equal signals. In engineering psychology and ergonomics, the following characteristics of information are studied, such as quantity, value, reliability, arrogance, security, as well as information processes such as coding, compression, age Inya, rose, creation I.

Or in another way (with the help of mental signals, technical means, etc.); From the middle of the 20th century, the term “information” was transformed into a fundamental scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, between people and machines, between machines and machines; exchange of signals in the created and natural world; transfer of a sign from one person to another, from one organism to another (for example, genetic information); One of the main things to understand is cybernetics.

The essence of the box

The word “information” is similar to Latvian. informatio, which in translation means alert, enlightenment, awareness. The concept of information was already understood by ancient philosophers.

Historically, it has been the case that two complex branches of science – cybernetics and computer science – deal with the research of central information.

Computer science, which was formed as a science in the middle of the 20th century, was strengthened by cybernetics and is engaged in research into ways of capturing, storing, transmitting and processing semantic information.

The investigation of the semantic place of information is based on a complex of scientific theories under the legal name of semiotics [ ] .

If, for example, we conduct a shallow analysis instead of today's most broad attributive and functional concepts with information, then we will become sensible that we are offended by this concept, by solving rely on the objective power of matter, established back in the 19th century and designated a philosophical category. "imagination". However, both concepts do not pay sufficient respect to the obvious reality, which is reflected in the fact that information in the forms in which it exists today is a product of human knowledge, which itself is a product of ї forms (from the forms known to us) of matter.

Otherwise, the seemingly proponents of both concepts, ignoring people, ignoring the nature of human knowledge, immediately reduce information (the product of information) to the core of matter and immediately call it an “attribute” matter." As a result, these offensive concepts cannot provide us with any significant information, as we understand that most people’s understandings are replaced by the result of a person’s association with objective reality, and not as a result of the operation, let alone sophisticated, call perekonlivogo, plausible in the basics, in other concepts. Trying to submit information as a category is also doomed to failure. It is enough to take into account that human practice over the past ten years has rapidly changed forms and changes to understand, as well as its manifestations and settings to the point that today it is customary to call “information”, which is the nature, the essence of information atsії that, naturally, instead of this concept (as as we had previously respected his understanding) changed with the hour.

Classification of information

The word "information" is similar to the Latin word informatio which means clarification, clarification, recognition. The word information itself has recently begun to be transformed into a precise term. Until then, the information was taken as the one in the language, the sheets are transmitted during the time of spilting. Nina’s space, which is invested in her understanding, has already changed and expanded. Vinikla has a special mathematical discipline – information theory.

If you want to provide theoretical information and introduce some specific meanings, you want to avoid any common understanding. Let's take a look at the actions taken.

Information - This is the reflection of real (material, objective) light, as reflected in the appearance of signals, signs.

Information - be it a collection of signals, information (data), which the system receives from too much of the middle ground (input information), sees it from too much middle ground (output information) or saves There is in the middle of the singing system (internal information).

Information comes from the appearance of documents, small objects, texts, sound and light signals, energy and nerve impulses, etc.

Under the information, understand information about objects in the extra light that are perceived by humans, creatures, plants, or special devices and promote their level of awareness.

Information is sought for further information. Messages can be spoken, written, like little ones, gestures, special signs or organized in any other way. Use butts to inform you about the display of the visual device, road signs, text in telegrams, sleep confirmation, etc.

Types of information

Information can be divided into types using a number of symbols:

Behind the way to spriinyattya

For humans, information is divided depending on the type of receptors they receive:

• Visual – perceived by the visual organs.
• Auditory – perceived by the organs of hearing.
• Tactile – sensed by tactile receptors.
• Smelling - sensed by smell receptors.
• Smakova - absorbed by smack receptors.

Behind the form there is a tribute

Following the form, the information provided is divided into the following types:

• Textual - what is conveyed as symbols, meanings and lexemes of language.
• Numbers - like numbers and signs that represent mathematical operations.
• Graphic - the appearance of images, appearances, objects, graphics.
• Zvukova - sleep or have a visual recording of the transfer of language lexemes in an auditory way.

For recognition

• Masova sets out the obvious facts and operates with a set of understanding that is understandable to most of society.
• Special - to place a specific set to understand, when selected, the transfer of records is carried out, which may not be known to the majority of society, but is not necessary and understandable within the framework of educational social and the groups where this information is distributed.
• Features - a set of information about any features that mean social formation and types of social interactions in the middle of the population.

Power of information

Brownness. The validity of the information is assessed based on the issues that can be derived from it. News that is important and important for one person is irrelevant for another because they cannot be ignored.

Relevance. The information is relevant (timely), because it is important at the given moment. If you are planning to travel by train, then it is important for you to have information about when the train departs. However, this information loses its relevance after the tension collapses.

Virility (truthfulness). The information is important to be reliable, since it does not reflect real action, it is correctly explained and confirmed. If you have learned about the news from TV programs, then this information is probably reliable. Nowadays, there is a lot of talk about the arrival of aliens, which is expected to be the beginning of a new era, but it is unreliable.

Objectivity. Information can be objective or subjective (either or not depending on judgment). For example, the information “the water in the sea is cold” is subjective, while “the temperature is +17 degrees Celsius” provides objective information.

Povnota. The information is complete, as it is sufficient for making the right decisions and taking the right decisions. Whenever people have to rely on any information, they immediately evaluate whether there is enough information to make the right decision.

Sanity. The information has made it clear that there is no need for additional information (nutrition is not to blame). As people say now, they are not yet prepared to understand what they have not yet been prepared for, for example, they are using the English language before, but people have learned this, then with instinctive information they have gained all other information, no matter what. It would have been better if the people had learned the English language.

Nose information

The center in which the message is recorded is called the nose of the message. In the “pre-computer” era, information was stored on paper, photographs, films, magnetic strips, etc. With the advent of the first computers, there was a widespread use of punched cards and punched strips, magnetic disks, and compact discs.

A punched card is a single sheet of thin cardboard of standard sizes. At the first positions of the punched cards, holes are punched. The presence of a song in a singing position is counted as one, and its presence is counted as zero.

A punched stitch is a stitch of a standard-width paper paper, in order to record information by punching lines at the leading positions on 5 or 8 parallel tracks.

Of course, behind the designs printed on punched cards and punched stitches, there is a whole lot of information.

Magnetic strips and magnetic disks for storing information began to develop with the development of computing technology. To record 1 (one), a small area was magnetized. The demagnetized (or magnetically magnetized) area meant 0 (zero).

Flexible magnetic disks, or GMD (FDD), made it possible to easily transfer information from one computer to another, as well as save information so that it does not become corrupted on the computer permanently. Floppy disks were produced, usually with a disk with a diameter of 3.5 inches and a small capacity of only 1.44 MB.

Hard magnetic disks, or hard drives (HDD), are now the main type of media for storing information efficiently. The storage unit includes a magnetic disk, a positioning system and a set of magnetic heads - all housed in a hermetically sealed housing.

Magnetic cards contain encrypted information, this technology is used in credit, telephone and registration cards, as well as passes and “keys” for combination locks.

Compact discs (optical discs or CDs) are a disc made of special plastic with mirror coating on the side on which information is written and read. Information is written to the disk as follows: the disk is wrapped, and on its surface, a laser is used to “disturb” the surface in such a way that they do not disturb the laser path when read. In this way, 1 is written, “unusually” means a logical 0.

There are CD-R, DVD-R - optical discs on which one-time recording can be made, as well as CD-RW, DVD-RW - optical discs on which multi-recording can be made.

Forms and methods of submitting information

The symbolic form of presenting information is the simplest; it has a symbol that has meaning. For example: red light of a light signal, indicators of turning on transport vehicles, cutting of tin, shortening and markings in formulas.

The text form of presenting information is foldable. This form conveys that the location of the information is transmitted through the surrounding symbols (numbers, letters, signs), as well as in the order of placement. Consistently expanded symbols create words, which in their own way can create speech. Textual information is used in books, brochures, newspapers, magazines, etc.

The graphic form of presenting information, therefore, has the greatest utility. This form includes photographs, paintings, chairs, graphics, etc. The graphic form is more informative. Perhaps, if we pick up a new book, we will look for little ones in front of it in order to create the most hostility about it.

Information can be presented in one of the following ways: letters and signs, gestures, music notes, little pictures, paintings, sculptures, sound recordings, video recordings, films, etc.

Information can be obtained from continuous (analog) and discrete (digital) signals.

Information in analogue form changes its values ​​step by step (the thermometer readings, the indicator with arrows, the speedometer, etc.).

Information in a discrete form changes its meaning from time to time (electronic yearbook displays, weights, lifting a number of objects, etc.).

Computer Science

The term informatics comes from two words: information and automation. This means that computer science is “the science of the transformation of information.”

This term was first introduced in France in the mid-60s of the 20th century, when the widespread use of computational technology began. In English countries the term “Computer Science” is used to describe the science of information transformation, which is based on computational technology. Expressions and terms and synonyms.

The basis of computer science is information technology - a set of features and methods that operate in all spheres of human life and activity.

Information system — Interconnected is the totality of features, methods and personnel involved in storing, processing and types of information in order to achieve a specific task.

The current understanding of the information system (IV) transmits to the computer as the main technical means of processing information. As a rule, these are computers that are equipped with specialized software.

In robot IV, in its technological process, you can see the following stages:

1. Origin of tributes - the formation of the first reports to record the results of previous operations, the power of objects and management subjects, process parameters, changes in normative and legal acts, etc.
2. Accumulation and systematization of data - Organization of such placement, which would ensure a quick search and selection of required items, protection from their creation, waste, deformation of integrity, etc.
3. Preparation of tributes — processes in which new types of data are generated on the basis of previously accumulated data: formal, analytical, recommendation, forecast. This data can undergo further processing, providing information about the data of others.
4. Images of these data - They are presented in a form suitable for human intercourse. First of all, we need to make notes on each other so that we can prepare documents that are handy for people to use. Widely explore the use of graphical illustrative materials (graphs, diagrams) and the formation of sound signals.

The notices that are formed at the first stage can be a basic paper document, notices “in electronic form,” or both. Today's information systems have an “electronic look.” Main warehouse information processes:

• collection of data: accumulation of data in sufficient detail to make decisions;
• saving;
• broadcast;
• obrobka

One of the most important minds is the use of electronic computing machines (ECMs) to complete these and other tasks, prompting an algorithm (programs) to contain information about the rules for removing the result (subsumly i) information from the specified (input) information.

Programming is a discipline that follows the methods of formulating and the highest task for additional EOM, and the main warehouse informatics.

Well, information, EOM, algorithm are three fundamental concepts of computer science.

INFORMATICA - the complex of science, the izhenerna discipple, the vivca vivche aspect of the design, barn, skan, function of the composite systems are inconceivated ilformation, and the thunderstanding of the rizes of the Galuzі of social practices.

The founders of computer science - documentary science and cybernetics. Cybernetics is translated as “right in control.”

The information contains three main parts:

• algorithms information processing ( algorithm)
• calculating technology (hardware)
• computers programs (software).

The subject of computer science includes the following concepts:

• Hardware support for computing technology
• software for the security of computing equipment;
• the interaction between hardware and software;
• the interaction between people and hardware and software.

The method of interaction between humans and hardware and software is called interface.

Double coding of information

In the promotional process, conditions such as transmission of information, compression of information, and processing of information are often lost. In such situations, there is always a message about the message that is encoded and transmitted in one way or another.

Computing technology often gets stuck Two-form form for submitting information, based on the data submission sequence of two characters: 0 and 1

These signs are called double digits, - in English - binary digit, or, shortened bit.

There is also a high form of information submission (based on the submission of the sequence of numbers 0, 1, …, 7) and a hexadecimal form of information submission (based on the submission of the sequence 0, 1, …, 9, A, B, C, …, F).

Information notice The number of bets we know is called. The maintenance of information and technical issues is limited, but the informant plays no role in such maintenance.

In modern computing technology, bits are usually added to units called bytes: 1 byte = 8 bits. The order of bits and bytes of vikoryst and great units of the world of information.

• 1 bit binary digit(0,1);
• 1 byte= 8 bits;
• 1 KB= 2 10 bytes = 1024 bytes;
• 1 MB= 210 KB = 1024 KB = 2 20 bytes;
• 1 GB= 210 MB = 1024 MB = 2 30 bytes;
• 1 TB= 210 GB = 1024 GB = 2 40 bytes.
• 1 Pbyte= 210 TB = 1024 TB = 2 50 bytes.

In addition to two bits, four different values ​​are encoded: 00, 01, 10, 11. Three bits can be encoded into 8 values:

• 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Called for help n bit can be encoded 2 n staniv.

The speed of transmission varies depending on the number of beats transmitted within one second. The rate of bit transmission per second is called 1 Baud. The following units of transmission speed are called Kbaud, Mbaud and Gbaud:

• 1 Kbaud (one kilobit) = 2 10 baud = 1024 bit/s;
• 1 Mbaud (one megabaud) = 220 baud = 1024 Kbaud;
• 1 Gbaud (one gigabaud) = 230 baud = 1024 Mbaud.

butt . Let the modem transmit information using 2400 baud speed. To transmit one text character, you need to transmit approximately 10 bits. In this way, the built-in modem can transmit approximately 2400/10 = 240 characters in 1 second.

On EOM you can display both numbers and text. In this case, it is necessary to encode approximately 200 different characters. A double code requires at least 8 digits (2 8 = 256). Which is sufficient for encoding all the characters of the English and Russian alphabets (small and large), divisional signs, symbols of arithmetic operations and other common special characters.

Nini has a number of coding systems.

The most widespread are the following coding systems: ASCII, Windows-1251, KOІ8, ISO.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange- Standard code for information exchange)

The ASCII system has 2 encoding tables: basicі expanded. The base table contains code values ​​from 0 to 127, expanded type 128 to 255

The first 32 codes (0-31) contain so-called core codes that do not correspond to the same symbols, and, obviously, the codes are not displayed either on the screen or on the device.

Starting from code 32, code 127 places character codes in the English alphabet.

Symbols of the national alphabet are located in codes from 128 to 255.

Koduvannya Windows-1251 has become a standard in the Russian sector Wold Wide Web .

KOІ8(information exchange code) is the standard code for email notifications and teleconferences.

ISO (International Standard Organization) - international standard. This code is rarely victorious.

The advent of computer science is associated with the emergence and development of new technologies for collecting, processing and transmitting information related to the recording of data on computer media. The main tool of computer science is a computer.

The computer, which has gained its name from the beginning of its significance - is calculated, has another even more important stagnation. Having become an indispensable assistant to people in their intellectual activity and the main technical advantage of information technologies. And the rapid development of the remaining rocks of the technical and software capabilities of personal computers, the expansion of new types of information technologies create real possibilities for their development, opening up clearly new paths for the future in front of the crust. development and adaptation to the needs of marriage.

Disinformation

Disinformation is obviously false, malicious information that a competitor or an adversary relies on for more effective military operations, to ward off any competitive advantages, to verify information on the Internet. The influence was determined by the influence of potentially unreliable clients and partners. Also, disinformation is the process of manipulating information itself, such as: deceiving someone by giving new information or new, but no longer relevant information, in accordance with the context, in any piece of information.

Disinformation, as we know, is the result of human activity, which must create extreme hostility and, obviously, be pushed to the point of necessary action and/or inactivity.

Concepts of information

I understand "Information"(Lat. informatio– summary, clarification, summary) a significant contribution is made, apparently to this point, where the concept is seen: in science, technology, and basic life. Please be respectful of any information or information you provide (information about any kind of activity, etc.).

In literature one can find a great number of meanings of the term "Information" which represent different approaches to this end:

Viznachennya 1

• Information-Vidomosti (Vice, Danі) is inconsistent with the form of forms (“Federal Law of the Russian Federation VID $ 27.07.2006 $ p. $ 149 $ $ and іnformatics technology that Zahist Informatics”);
• Information- information about the excessive light and processes that take place in someone, captured by a person or a special device (Tlumachny Dictionary of Russian Language by Ozhegov).

When talking about computer data processing under information, we understand the sequence of symbols or signs (letters, numbers, encoded graphics and sounds, etc.), which carry meaning and are presented in a computer-readable way i.

In information science, the following significant term is most often used:

Vicennia 2

Information– for information (knowledge, expression in signals, notifications, notifications, notifications, etc.) about the excess world, which is the object of saving, processing, transmission and recovery.

The same information (magazine article, publication, confession, sheet, evidence, photograph, television program, etc.) can carry a different amount of information and change information for different people, depending on the knowledge they have accumulated, in The level of availability of this information and the level of interest before it. For example, the novelty is composed of Chinese language, not irrelevant information for people who do not know this language, and may be useful for people with Chinese knowledge. This new information is irresistible and new, published by my friend, as it is either foolish or already known.

Information is viewed as a characteristic of the information, and the relationship between the information and its content.

Types of information

Information may be found in various types:

• text, babies, armchairs, photographs;
• Light and sound signals;
• radiokhvili;
• electrical and nerve impulses;
• magnetic recordings;
• gestures and facial expressions;
• the smells and savoriness are noticeable;
• chromosomes, which transmit signs and power of organisms, etc.

Separate main types of information, how to classify the form of filing, the ways of coding and saving:

• graphic- one of the most recent types, in addition to which they saved information about the excessive light in the appearance of rock babies, and then in the appearance of paintings, photographs, diagrams, chairs on different materials (paper, canvas , marmur and in.), which depict pictures of the real world;
• sound(acoustic) – to save sound information in $1877$ r. a sound recording device was found, and for musical information, a method was developed for encoding special characters from wikis, which makes it possible to save them as graphic information;
• textual– codes the language of people using special symbols – letter (for each of its people); To save your vikory, you need to use a papier (records from the sewer, etc.);
• numerical– codes the entire world of objects and their authorities in the wider world with the help of special symbols – numbers (for the skin system its own coding); became especially important with the development of trade, economics and penny exchange;
• video information- A method of preserving “live” pictures in the extra light that appeared with the release of cinema.

There are also types of information for which methods of encoding and saving have not yet been found - tactile information, organoleptic ta in.

Initially, information was transmitted to large distances using encoded light signals, after the output of the electrical system - transmission of the encoded signal through wires, and later - via radio signals.

Respect 1

The founder of the mathematical theory of information is considered to be Claude Shannon, who also laid the foundation for digital communication by writing the book “Mathematical Theory of Communication” in $1948, which first demonstrated the possibility of using double-digit code for transmissions. and information.

The first computers were specialized in processing numerical information. With the development of computer technology, PCs began to be used for storing, processing, transmitting various types of information (text, numeric, graphic, sound and video information).

You can save information on an additional PC on magnetic disks or strips, laser disks (CD and DVD), special non-volatile memory devices (flash memory, etc.). These methods are constantly being refined, obtaining and carrying information. All information related activities are controlled by the central processor of the PC.

Objects, processes, manifestations of material and immaterial light, as seen from the perspective of their information authorities, are called information objects.

A large number of different information processes can be added to the information, including:

• gateway;
• reception;
• combination;
• saving;
• broadcast;
• copying;
• obrobka;
• joke;
• spriynyattya;
• formalization;
• divided into parts;
• vimir;
• vikoristannya;
• wider;
• goodbye;
• ruin;
• memory;
• re-creation;

Power of information

Information, as any object, may authorities, the most important among them, from the perspective of computer science, are:

• Objectivity. Objective information is independent of people’s knowledge, methods of recording, thoughts and days.
• Credibility. The information displayed in the Help Desk is reliable. Inaccurate information often leads to incorrect understanding and wrong decisions. Old information with reliable information will be produced as unreliable, because there will no longer be any image of the right one.
• Povnota. The information is complete, as long as it is sufficient for understanding and making a decision. Inaccurate or supernatural information can lead to the suppression of praise for a decision or reconciliation.
• Accuracy of information – the stage of closeness to the real state of an object, process, phenomenon, etc.
• The value of information lie in the importance of praising the decision, the highest task and further importance in any type of human activity.
• Relevance. Only timely extraction can lead to a clear result.
• Sanity. As soon as the value of your information has become obvious, it has become increasingly commonplace. The information will be reasonable if, at a minimum, it is presented in a reasonable way for the reader to recognize it.
• Availability. The information may indicate the jealousy of the possessor. For example, the food itself is available in different ways for school and university students.
• Shortness. Information is received much more clearly when it is presented not in a clear and rich manner, but in an acceptable level of condensation without intricate details. The brevity of information is essential in guides, encyclopedias, and instructions. Logicality, compactness, and a manual form of presentation make it easier to understand and assimilate information.