According to the historical chronicles that have come down to us, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, created incredible knowledge of the scale of his conquest throughout the world. No one before or since has been able to compare with this ruler in the greatness of his conquest. Rocks of life of Genghis Khan - 1155/1162 rub. until 1227 roku. As you know, there is no exact date for the people, but the day of death is well known - the 18th sickle.

The rocks of the reign of Genghis Khan: a hidden description

In a short hour, he managed to create the great Mongol Empire, which spread from the shores of the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Wild nomads from Central Asia, who were armed only with bows and arrows, managed to support civilized and richly formed empires. The conquest of Genghis Khan was accompanied by incredible atrocities and mass killings of the civilian population. The places where the hordes of the great Mongol emperor were marching on the road were often razed from the ground in case of disobedience. It happened that, by the will of Genghis Khan, it was necessary to change the riverbeds, flower gardens were transformed into budding crops, and rural lands were turned into pastures for the horses of his warriors.

Who is responsible for the phenomenal success of the Mongol army? This food continues to be praised by historians and today. In the past, Genghis Khan’s specialness was endowed with supernatural powers, and it was respected that he was assisted in every way by natural forces, which served to please. Well, perhaps, he has a very strong character, charisma, extraordinary intelligence, and also incredible cruelty, which helped him to subdue his people. He was also a prodigious strategist and tactician. Yogo, like Atilla the Goth, was called “the scourge of God.”

How the great Genghis Khan looked. Biography: children's rocks

Few people knew that the great Mongolian Volodar had green hair and ore in his eyes. Such peculiarities of appearance do not bear any connection with the Mongoloid race. Let's talk about those who have mixed blood in their veins. And the version is that 50% of it is due to the European race.

The river of the people of Genghis Khan, which, when names named after Temujin came into the world, is approximated, and in different places it has different meanings. It is important to remember that they were born in 1155, on the banks of the Onon River, which flows through the territory of Mongolia. The great-grandfather of Genghis Khan was called Khabul Khan. He became a noble and wealthy leader and ruled all the Mongol tribes and successfully fought against the Susids. Father Temujin buv Yesugey-bagatur. At the time of his grandfather's reign, he was the leader of not all, but most of the Mongol tribes with a population of 40 thousand. yurt His people will become rulers of the fruitful valleys between Kerulen and Onon. Yesugey-Bagatur was a miracle warrior, he fought and supported the Tatar tribes.

The story of the Zhorstok nakhil Khan

As for the story about cruelty, the main character is Genghis Khan. His biography, right from childhood, has been full of non-human characters. So, the 9-river warrior, having turned from the field with great treasure, killed his own brother, who wanted to snatch the goods from his part. He was often cruel when they wanted to do something unfair to him. After this, other members of the family began to fear him. Singingly, from that very hour we realized that we can make people afraid, but for the sake of which we need to show ourselves cruelly and show everyone our real essence.

Yunist

When Temujin was 13 years old, he lost his father, who was exterminated by the Tatars. The troops of the Mongol tribes did not want to submit to the young son of Yesugei Khan and brought their people under the intercession of another ruler. As a result, their rich family, along with the looming Genghis Khan, was left all alone, wandering through the forests and fields, gorging on the gifts of nature. Its power consisted of 8 horses. Moreover, Temujin sacredly preserved the family “bunchuk” - a white ensign with the tails of 9 yaks, which symbolized the 4 great and 5 small yurts that belonged to his family. On the ensign there was an image of a hawk. An hour later, he learned that Targutai had become his father’s defender and that she needed to find and find the son of the deceased Yesugei-Bagatura, since he was a threat to his power. Temujin was worried about re-investigating the new guide of the Mongol tribes, but he was buried and captured. The good young man was able to come out of fullness, find his family and hang out with her in the forests for 4 more times at once.

Friendly

When Temujin was 9 years old, his father chose his name - a girl from his tribe on the name of Bort. The 1st axis of the 17-river family, taking with them one of their friends, Belgutaya, came from hiding and broke up with their betrothed father at the camp, telling him about the word given to Yesugei Khan and taking the beautiful Borti for his squad. She herself accompanied him everywhere, gave birth to nine children, and with her presence embellished the fate of Genghis Khan’s life. According to the data that has come down to us, he once had a gigantic harem, which consisted of five hundred squads and concubines, which they brought from various campaigns. Five of them were the leading squads, only Borte Fujin bore the title of empress and throughout her life she was deprived of her most important and senior squad.

The story of the theft of Bort

The chronicles have information about those who, after Temujin made friends on Borti, stole the Merkit, hoping to avenge the theft of the beautiful Oelun - the mother of Genghis Khan, as his father did on the 18th. The Merkiti stole Borte and gave it to Oelun's relatives. Temujin was separated, but there were no more opportunities to attack the Merkit tribe alone and defeat his khan. And then he went to the Kerait khan Togrul - the sworn brother of his father - to help you. To the joy of the young man, the khan plans to help you and attacks the tribe of kidnappers. Nezabar Bort turns around to his head.

maturity

How long will it take to gather the first warriors of Genghis Khan? The biography includes information about those who were his first friends from the steppe aristocracy. Previously, the Christian Christians and the Chinese order also joined in the fight against the Tatars, who had strengthened their positions, from the shores of Lake Buir-nor, and then against the great friend of Khan Zhamukh, who stood on the side of the democratic ruler. In 1201, Rotsi Khan recognized the defeats. However, after that, a fight broke out between Temujin and the Kerait Khan, and the remainder began to support their powerful enemy and received some of Temujin’s henchmen. Of course, Genghis Khan (even though he did not yet have this title) could not deprive the city of the city without mercy and kill him. After this, the whole of Shidna Mongolia will be destroyed. And if Zhamukha rebelled against Temujin the visiting Mongols, called the Naiman, she defeated them and united all of Mongolia under her rule.

Coming to absolute power

In 1206 he voted himself emperor of all Mongolia and took the title Genghis Khan. The biography of this date begins to tell us about the low great conquests, brutal and crooked massacres of unruly peoples, which led to the expansion of the borders of the region to unprecedented dimensions. Nezabar, under the family ensign of Temujin, collected over 100 thousand. warriors The title of Chinggis Kha-Khan means that he is the greatest of the rulers, the ruler of all things. Through many fates, historians called the fates of the ruler of Genghis Khan the most crooked in the entire history of mankind, and he himself - the great “conqueror of the world” and “supporter of the All-World,” “king of kings.”

Buried the whole world

Mongolia became the most powerful military country in Central Asia. From that moment on, the word “Mongols” began to mean “overcome.” Other peoples, who did not want to submit to him, were mercilessly blamed. For the new stench, buli yak bur'yani. Before that, I respected that the shortest way to get rich was war and robbery, and sacredly adhered to this principle. The conquest of Genghis Khan actually increased the size of the region many times over. They continued on their right, and as a result, the Great Mongol Empire began to include the regions of Central Asia, the Eastern and Western parts of China, Afghanistan and Iran. The campaigns of Genghis Khan were directed at the borders of Russia, the Ugric region, Poland, Moravia, Syria, Georgia and Virmenia, the territory of Azerbaijan, which, however, did not exist as a power. Chroniclers of these countries speak of terrible barbaric robberies, beatings and extortion. No matter how straight the Mongolian army went, the campaigns of Genghis Khan brought devastation with them.

Great Reformer

Genghis Khan, after becoming Emperor of Mongolia, first introduced military reform. The commanders who took part in the campaigns began to establish towns, the size of which was indicative of their merits, just as the right of the people remained before the new town. The soldiers in the army were divided into dozens, some were united in hundreds, and those were united in thousands. The military forces were respected by young men and women from fourteen to seventy years old.

A police guard was created to maintain order with 100,000 soldiers. In addition, there was a ten-thousand-strong guard of special guards of the emperor “keshiktash” and yogo yurt. It consisted of famous warriors who gave their allegiance to Genghis Khan. 1000 Keshiktashes were bagaturs - warriors closest to the khan.

Some of the reforms of Genghis Khan, carried out in the Mongol army in the 13th century, were later conquered by all armies of the world to this day. Before that, after the decree of Genghis Khan, a military statute was created, the destruction of which was subject to two types of punishment: the stratum and the sending of the ruler of Mongolia. Punishment, before speaking, was due to that warrior who did not give additional help to his comrade in arms, which he demanded.

The laws in the statute were called “Yasa”, and their savings were the lands of Genghis Khan. In the horde of the great kagan there were two warts - day and night, and the warriors who entered before them were completely allotted to him and were subordinated to him alone. The stench was louder than the command warehouse of the Mongol army.

Children and onuki of the great kagan

The people of Genghis Khan are called Chingizids. These are the direct plots of Genghis Khan. From Borte's first squad, he fathered 9 children, of which four were blue, who continued the family line. Their names: Jochi, Ogedei, Chagatai and Tolui. Only those who are blue and their offspring (human) have little right to lose power in the Mongolian state and bear the family title of Chingizids. Krim Borti, Genghis Khan, as has already been stated, had about 500 troops and concubines, and of them there were few children from their rulers. This meant that its number could exceed 1000. The most famous of the battles of Genghis Khan was his great onuk - Khan Batu, or Batiy. Confirmed by genetic research, there are millions of people in the world who carry the genes of the great Mongol Kagan. Genghis Khan was led by a number of dynasties from Asia, for example, the Chinese Yuan dynasty, Kazakhs, Caucasians, Ukrainians, Persians and the Russian Chingisids.

• It seems that when the people of the valley were born, the great kagan had a flow of blood, which, according to Mongolian beliefs, is a sign of greatness.
• At the end of the day, the rich Mongols, who were of high stature, had green eyes and ore, which spoke of those who had the blood of Europeans flowing in their veins.
• In the entire history of mankind, the Mongol Empire under the rule of Genghis Khan was the largest power and small between the continental Europe and the Pacific Ocean.
• He has the largest harem in the world.
• 8% of people of the Asian race are descendants of the Great Khagan.
• Genghis Khan became responsible for the death of over forty million people.
• The grave of the great ruler of Mongolia is still unknown. And the version is that they were flooded, changing the river.
• Yogo was named after the enemy of his father, Temujin-Uge, who was a great successor.
• It is important that his elder son did not conceive him, but rather stole his squad.
• The Golden Horde was formed from the warriors of its indigenous peoples.
• After the Persians lost their ambassador, Genghis Khan conquered 90% of the population of Iran.

Federal Agency for Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Siberian State Automobile and Road Transport

Academy (Sibadi)

Department 2 of German history and political science »

Essay

On the topic

"Genghis Khan"

Vikonav:

Student gr. EUT 10E1

Poghosyan Andranik Venetikovich

Having verified the article. Vikladach Drazdkov O.V.

1. Genghis Khan - biography. 2-3 sides

2. Communication of the Mongols 4-5 sides.

3. Military and administrative reforms. 5-6 sides

4. The first campaigns of Genghis Khan. 6-7 sides

5. Conquest of Central Asia. 7-8 sides

6. March of Jebe and Subeteya. 8-9 sides

7. Conquest of Iran. 9 sides

8. Ostannі rocks. 10-11 side.

9. List of references 11 pages.

Subject.

Genghis Khan. (Temuchin)

There may not be a person who is not familiar with the history of Genghis Khan, and among those who know history, it would be desirable not to marvel at the greatness of the deeds that impacted the history of Asia and Europe. Unprecedented, endearing, terrible, unforgettable in generations of people is the specialness with which they have grown up and in which they have endured. Once upon a time, the great Kulgavy Timur traced his ranks to Chingiz Khan, trying to connect the history of his family with the history of the life of the great conqueror.

The people, first of all Genghis Khan, who bore the name Temujin, were born in 1155 and were related to the Borjigin family of the Taichzhiut tribe. Yogo father Yesugai-bagatur (bagatur, baatur - one of the titles of the Mongolian nobility) was a rich noyon. At the same time, after his death in 1164, he disintegrated and created them in the valley of the Onon River. The tribes that entered the warehouse of the Yesugai-Bagatura ulus deprived the family of the deceased. The nukers (nuker - friend, comrade), especially the comrades, who served in the khans, were sent and given specially.

For many years, sorrows and evils retraced the family of Yesugaya, and enemies of his kind did not try to get even with the squad and children of the terrible warrior, and from that very hour Temuchin’s great descent to the heights of power and power began. Temujin, who stood out for his height and physical strength, as well as the immense intelligence of his fellow tribesmen, immediately recruited young men from them and began to engage in robbery and raids on neighboring tribes. Little by little, the number of his dependents grew. His first venture was to successfully renew his father’s ulus, which had broken up. Volodinya Temuchin was formed from the lands along the upper rivers of Tola, Kerulen and Onon with their tributaries, which have long been respected by the forefathers of all Mongols and the sacred heart of Mongolia.

The mayday “Volodar of the World” did not set out to conduct conquest campaigns as a song, but masterfully maneuvered among too many warlike tribes: fighting with the central position of his ulus, attacking alongside the strong tribes that threatened them, with preventive with blows ahead of their ground, now with cunning, now with gifts and by bribery, not allowing great enemy forces to unite against themselves. The result of which was the ordering of all Western Mongolia, and until 1205 - the unification of Western Mongolia under the rule of Temuchin.

“The life of Genghis Khan can be seen in two main stages: the period of unification of all Mongolian tribes into a single power and the period of conquest campaigns and the creation of a great empire. The cordon between them is marked symbolically"

1206 - the river of a great turning point in the life of people: at the kurultai of the votes of the Divine Genghis Khan (Khan of the Khans, or the Great Khan), his new name in Mongolian became Delkyan ezen Sutu Bogda Genghis Khan, i.e. Vladik St. here, messages from God For a long time, European historiography had a tradition of portraying Genghis Khan as a bloodthirsty despot and barbarian. To be fair, without being illiterate and illiterate. But the very fact was created by him and by the decline of the empire, which united 4/5 of the Old World, from the mouth of the Danube, the cordons of the Ugric region, Poland, Veliky Novgorod to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Ice Ocean to the Adriatic Sea, the Arabian Desert spruce, Himalayas and India , to recognize him as a brilliant commander and a respectable administrator, and not just a conqueror-ruiner. As a commander, I was fascinated by the subtlety of strategic ideas and the deep-sightedness of political and diplomatic affairs. Reconnaissance, short-term and economical, organization of courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes - these are the special features of this activity.

CHINGIS KHAN(Vlasne im'ya - Temujin) (1155 or 1162-1227), sovereign figure of Mongolia, commander and creator of the first united Mongolian state. Born in the Delyun Baldok tract on the river. Onon, in 1155 (according to the data of middle-class Muslim historians) or in 1162 (according to the Chinese dzherels), the eldest son of the leader of the Taichiut tribe Yesugei-baatar, onuk Khabul, the first khan, who added 12 art. spilki of Mongolian tribes "Khamag Monogol Ulus". According to the legends, the color of hair, unheard of for the Mongols, was ruddy. When Temuchin turned 9 years old, his father fell apart, and his union fell apart. His widow and children began to wander.

1) Unification of the Mongols.

The grown-up Temujin formed an alliance with his brother-in-law (andoy) father – Togoril (Van-khan), the leading leader of the Kereit tribe, and also became a brother-in-law with Bitir Jamukha from the Jajirat family. Relying on this alliance, he intends to collect huge tributes from his father and severely break up the tribe of Merkits. The later coalition with Jamukha disintegrated, and Temuchin was defeated by his brother-Andoy in the battle of Dalan Balzhut, but showed himself to be an excellent diplomat and by the way of the city, having gained the majority of Jamukha's henchmen. In 1190, for the support of the nobility (noyons) and warriors (nukers), the sons of Yesugei Bator were elected the head of the tribal union created by his grandfather.

Temuchin fell asleep at the door with a large staff of court officials who were assigned from the noyons of various tribes and lands - in charge of the Khan herds, Khan herds, Khan wagons, cows, noses of the Khan style and so on. . there are dozens of people in the village, hundreds and thousands of warriors. In addition, he organized the rounding up of the security guards (keshik). In the alliance with the military Jurchen Empire, Jin Temujin bl. 1200 years later, defeating the Tatars, and then growing a new coalition of tribes, created by Jamukha. In 1202, together with the Kereit Van Khan, Temuchin defeated the Merkits and Tatars. They initially planned a campaign against the strong Naiman tribe, but eventually their alliance fell apart. In recognition of his military talent, Temuchin defeated Jamukha ta Van Khan in 1203, and in 1204–1205 he supported the Naimans and Merkits who flowed into the Baikal region. In this way he was able to unite all the Mongol tribes.

As the Naimans took root, Chingiz became aware of the beginnings of writing in the hands of the Uyghurs; The same Uighurs entered the service before Chingiz and became the first officials in the Mongol state and the first admirers of the Mongols. Obviously, Chingiz was determined to replace the Uighurs with natural Mongols, and ordered the noble Mongol youths, among others, to learn the language and script of the Uyghurs. After the expansion of the Mongolian regime, even during the life of Chingiz, the Mongols also profited from the services of Chinese and Persian officials.

Military and administrative reforms.

In 1206, the nobility (kurultai) were born, passing at Delyun-buldak on the birch of the Onon River, Temujin was voted by the foreign Mongol khan - Genghis Khan. Khan, having organized the Mongolian state on a military-administrative basis, the entire population of the region was divided into the “right” and “left” of the wing, which was divided into the tumen. Kozhen tumen mav vistaviti 10 thousand. warriors and formed into thousands (population groups that included 1 thousand warriors each). Thousands were divided into hundreds, which, in their turn, formed into dozens (groups of nomads - ails, who fielded 10 warriors each). Usyogo organized 95 pens of 1 thousand. osib.

The Mongol army lacked the greatest discipline; The hireling was rebellious or, having shown fear, was punished by death.

Genghis Khan organized the administration of the new Mongol power. Around the ulus (khubi - “around the part”) were seen in the administration of his mother, sons and young brothers, the seat of the Supreme Court was founded. Khan unified the writing business, entrusting most of it to the Uighurs, the scribes. The Uyghur writing system was introduced into the Mongolian language. At 1206 rub. We voted for a code of laws (yasa) based on the norms of primary law, and in accordance with the needs of a centralized state. It was important for Yasa to take revenge on the massacre of evil. The death penalty was punishable by the khan's arrogance, self-deception, triple bankruptcy, concealment of a slave or a slave who helped him in battle, desertion, malice, villainy, false testimony and disrespect to elders.

The military strategy and tactics disintegrated by Genghis Khan (organization of reconnaissance, rapt attack, attempt to break up the enemy in parts, control of ambushes and the practice of luring the enemy, the use of mobile phones, etc.) ensured the superiority of the Mongol. this army over the forces of the neighboring powers.

The first campaigns of Genghis Khan.

In 1205, 1207 and 1210, Mongol forces invaded the Tangut state of Zakhidne Xia (Si Xia), but with great success, a peace treaty was concluded, which forced the Tanguts to pay tribute to the Mongols. In 1207 messages, Genghis Khan launched a campaign under the command of his son Jochi to the south of the river. Selenga and into the Yenisei valley, which subjugated the forest tribes of the Oirats, Ursuts, Tubass and others. Charge 1208 rub. . Until 1211, the Yenisei Kirghiz and Karluks joined the new power.

Genghis Khan (1155-1227) reigned for 1206 r.

POSSISH 1206 ROCO PID Hour Kurultay - Zboriv Leaders Kochovikh, spent on the RICHTSI ONON (Transbaikal Territory), the Mongolian Vojan Temuchin Buvo by the Great Khan over the Usma of the Mongolian tribes, Im'ya Chingihan. The shamans prophesied about my power over this world. Genghis Khan united disunited Mongolia, conquered the Chinese, conquered lands as far as the Urals, conquered Central Asia, founded the Mongol Empire and became famous as one of the greatest conquerors in history.

At that time, the Mongols lived in tribes, bred horses, and roamed the steppes along the river. The stinks are not small in writing, the thirsty state structure, and the stinks have often fought among themselves. The Buli tribes are similar in their way of life - a hero stands on the skin of his skin, like a hero. They were divided into noyons - lords, nukers - warriors and slaves along with the captives who served them, who were shepherds. The envoy of the Pope of Rome, Plano Carpinini, described them this way: “These people are of small stature, broad-shouldered, bald-shouldered and broad-willed. If the meat and rare millet porridge stank, they drank kumis. They were served by yurt tents, which were easy to disassemble. The men looked at the thinness. They were all warriors. I have as many squads as I can manage.”

Since the beginning of the 12th century, the disparate Mongol tribes have been trying to unite with the power. They had a unification of tribes, which was called Khamag Mongol and which continued the excessive policy of ordering other nomadic tribes.

Temuchin is alive both through his mother and his brothers. From these revelations, we knew that his father, the rich man, the leader of the tribe, was determined to unite the Mongols, aka the tribes of the Tatars, who came to their land, and killed him from the Turkic peoples. I had the opportunity to run and roam in the forests with my small children. Plastic water containers can be used in any temperature range. And now you, Temuchin, will have the opportunity to become the leader of the tribe and take revenge for the death of his father.

Temuchin was gentle and strong, and soon his character developed, and he didn’t want to compromise with anyone. He was inspired by the idea of ​​becoming a leader of one tribe, avenging his father, and uniting all the Mongols. He began to collect enough valuable, strong warriors for himself. They galloped along the steppes, practiced shooting with a bow on the move and attacking the enemy with force. With these warriors, Temuchin lived among other tribes, choosing thinness and beautiful girls. Everyone who, having repaired the operation, was killed, and those who were captured were forced to join his army.

Until 1206, he had a army of up to 90 thousand people. At the same river, the leaders of the tribes that gathered unanimously elected Temujin as the Great Khan, abrogating the title of Genghis Khan and becoming the creation of the Mongolian state. We want everyone to adhere to the law: to give one another help during a campaign and not to deceive your own. The one who was destroyed was wasted.

Genghis Khan mixed canopies, tribes, representatives of various nationalities and the administrative division into tens, hundreds and thousands of people, which included tens of thousands of leaders. All grown people were respected by warriors. And just before the hour of peace, the stench was taken up with the ruler’s rights. Genghis Khan appointed the local feudal lords as commanders from these regions. The order and pre-establishment of legality in the Mongolian army were guarded by the special guard of Genghis Khan, who were called keshik.

Following the orders of our commander, we are preparing the warriors before the military campaign and all the necessary arrangements are made. The Peresuvannaya army was called a yurtja, and the stinks were looking for a place to stay. Merchants, caravan makers, and power explorers began reporting the attacks. They were forced from afar to this and other lands, and they began to collect data.

Genghis Khan himself and his great commanders did not take part in military actions. The stinks were carried out by the troops - they gave them signs for help from ensigns, trumpet signals, smoke from the caves. And the mobile horse army of Genghis Khan could travel up to 80 kilometers per year.

Such excessively high for those times the liquidity of the transfer of land gave it a great advantage, having conquered Central Asia and intending to destroy China for the day. He easily overcame other Chinese princes who were at war with each other, and crossed the Great Wall of China. Many military units surrendered without a fight, and the Chinese commanders went over to the side of Genghis Khan. In 1215 years, 90 places were buried in China. In addition, the capital Beijing and China became part of the Mongol Empire.

After this, Genghis Khan turned to the native Mongolia, and soon launched a new campaign, now to Central Asia. In 4 years he conquered Afghanistan, Iran, and the principalities of Transcaucasia. Then the war broke out at the steppe of the Pivnichny Caucasus. Here the Mongols attacked the Polovtsians. They were quickly defeated, some of them were subjugated, and the army that was replenished poured through the steppes of the Black Sea straight to Russia. The Polovtsian Khan Kotyan rushed to his son-in-law, the Galician prince Mstislav the Udal and other Russian princes for help, ahead of them, so that the Mongols did not hesitate and destroy the Russian land.

At the beginning of 1223, the princes of Kiev, Galicia, Chernigov, Siversk, Smolensk and Volinsky came to Kiev. The smells did not indicate that a threat was upon them, and decided to support the Polovtsians. The army of the Galician prince and other princes along the Dnieper reached the island of Khortytsia, where they united with the Polovtsians. After crossing to the left bank of the Dnieper, they discovered the advanced march of the Mongols, defeated it and destroyed it further in search of the enemy. So they reached the Kalka River.

Bіy rose on May 31, 1223. The expansion of forces was at the expense of the Mongols. There were 30 thousand of them. On the Russian side, in full obedience, the princes led their troops against the Mongols. Dekhto vichikuvav. Initially, the advantage lay with the Galician prince and his allies. The advanced march of the Mongols began to advance. The Russians rushed in pursuit, both of them being destroyed, and their main Mongolian army fought. There were many more warriors of Genghis Khan. The Polovtsy didn’t miss the point and flowed in. The Russians ran after them.

The Russians were completely defeated. The Mongols coveted the buried Russian princes. From the Kalka River the Mongols went straight to the Dnieper. On their way, the stinks ruined the places and villages, and soon turned back to inform Genghis Khan about their victory over the Russians. 13 years after the Battle of Kaltsi, Genghis Khan's leader, Bati Khan, conquered Rus'.

In the spring of 1226, Genghis Khan rebelled against the Tanguts, who supported Buddhism and controlled a similar part of the Great Seam Road. Their power, Xia, was dismantled overnight to China. After numerous battles, the Tangut army was defeated, and their capital Zhongxing was taken. Genghis Khan died under the walls of the city when his people began to surrender. The cause of his death was Rapt disease, either due to the unhealthy climate of the Tangut state, or due to a fall from a horse. As per the commandment, his third son, Ögedei, became the defender of Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan (1167-1227) - The founder of the Mongolian nation and the founder of one of the largest empires in the world.

Temujin (Temuchin) - also the name of Genghis Khan, given to him by the people, born on the banks of the Onon River, at the last gathering of modern Mongolia. At the age of 9 years, a boy became an orphan - his father, the nephew of the remaining Khan of the Mongols, perishing at the hands of the Tatars - enemies of the Temuchin tribe, who came to this land from the other half of the 12th century, having completely suppressed Shi Mongols. Temujin's mother was deprived of the people's followers, and the fragments of the leaders of the super-poor Mongol clan of the Taijuds craved independence. In this manner, Temujin’s mother wooed her sons from very important minds.

The rise of Temujin to power

Once Temujin became a sublime, he was captured by the Taijud tribe. However, he managed to enter and enlist the support of Togoril, the ruler of the Christian tribe of Kereites, roaming Central Mongolia. She herself helped the young leader of a small Mongol tribe on the name of Jamukh (the named brother of Temujin), the future great khan began to give his name, as he was kidnapped by the Merkits - the tribe that inhabited the present-day Buryatia. Temujin and Jamukha lost their friends from childhood, but then, for unknown reasons, a rift developed between these brothers. Most of the descendants converge on the Duma, which caused a chill and started a war between the two friends, becoming hisism and the powerful ambitions of Jamukha, and even during this period, the Mongol tribes one by one were recognized This is the supreme power of Temujin, who, after ten hours of proclamation, will become Chingiz Khan, the Great Ruler.

1198 is the first exact date in the career of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan and Togoril join the rulers of Eastern China in a campaign against the Tatars.

In 1199, Genghis Khan's allies organized a campaign against the Naimans, a powerful tribe in western Mongolia, but the campaign was not successful.

In 1200-1202, the allies gained control over the armies of a confederation of tribes along with Genghis Khan's great friend Jamukha, and in 1202 Genghis Khan finally lost control of the Tatars.

Now Genghis Khan was faced with the task of winning his enemies from Western Mongolia: the Naimans from the alliance with Jamukha and the surplus of merchants. Naymani Buli was killed in 1204, and Kuchluk, the son of their ruler, set off to find the corner of the Karakitians. Jamukha also came into being, unless he was betrayed by his powerful comrades, captured, and sentenced to death. Having lost his great friend and main enemy, Genghis Khan wrested complete control over the whole of Mongolia. In 1206, there were a number of Mongolian princes at the kurultai, who passed by Dzherel Onon, who became the supreme ruler of the Mongolian tribes, and was now ready to begin expanding the empire for the conquest of the neighboring lands.

Conquest of China

Already in 1205, Genghis Khan attacked the Tanguts - a people of Tibetan descent who inhabited the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Ordos. In 1207 and 1209, as a result of repeated attacks directly from Eastern China, the path for a massive attack deep into Chinese territory was open.

In 1211, the Mongols invaded Chinese lands and seized territory that lies directly above the Great Wall of China. In 1213, the wall was destroyed and hordes of Mongol nomads rushed into the Chinese plains. Many Chinese generals defected to the Mongols, and places often surrendered without a fight. Inflow of 1215 plunders and plunders of Beijing, and the Qin Emperor of ducks at Kaifing, on the flooded birch of the Yellow River. Having deprived China of one of its generals and entrusted the further operations in Eastern China to China, Genghis Khan turned to Mongolia to concentrate on the Central Asian campaign.

Campaign on Zahod

Genghis Khan destroyed Mongolia in the spring of 1219, reaching the border of Otrar until the fall, and depriving his forces of sufficient strength, destroying Bukhara, which fell in 1220, as well as Samarkand, which emerged just a month later ts. Taxes Otrar also fell. From Samarkand, Genghis Khan sent two of his greatest generals, Jebe and Subedei, in pursuit of the Khorezm Muhammad, who met his death on one of the islands in the Caspian Sea. Continuing on their way to the sunset, Genghis Khan's generals invaded the Caucasus and, having defeated the Alans, turned to the south, where they were faced with a confrontation with the united Russian-Polovtsian army on the Kaltsa River. Having gained victory on Kaltsa, the Mongols turned to the land of the Volk Bulgars, who lay on the road back to Central Asia, where an unacceptable defeat was upon them. At the Battle of Samara Lutsia, Jeb and Subedey became aware of the misery of the Bulgars. During the campaign through the territory of Bulgaria from the majestic Mongol army, only a small part was lost - about 4000 people.

At this time, Genghis Khan attacked and occupied Termez, and in the autumn and winter of 1220-1221 he lived in the territory of present-day Tajikistan. At the beginning of 1221, he advanced to the ancient city of Balkh, which was part of the Persian province of Khorasan, and sent his young son Tolui (Tule), the father of the Great Khan Mengu (Munke) and Khubilaya, to complete the roots of this vintsii. At the end of the same year, Genghis Khan launched a march through Afghanistan against Sultan Jalal al-Din, the son of Sultan Muhammad. Genghis Khan and Jalal al-Din met on the banks of the Indus. The Sultan, having recognized his defeats, was completely overcome and swam across the river.

With the defeat of Jalal al-Din, Genghis Khan's campaign at the Sunset was practically completed, and turned to Mongolia.

Death and burial of Genghis Khan

About the death of Genghis Khan it is only known for certain that the great conqueror died in 1227 near the hour of the Great Campaign. Turning from Central Asia, Genghis Khan started a war against the Tangut power. Historians offer different versions of his death: from being wounded by an arrow during a battle, to becoming seriously ill as a result of falling from a horse. And the version in which Genghis Khan died under the blow of a flash (this man had already done a lot of evil, and the sky punished him). It was not without the Dusya saying “look for the woman”: a number of followers assume that the great conqueror fell into the hands of the captive Khansha of the Tanguts in the heat of the first night of love.
The burial place of Genghis Khan is unknown until now. According to the legend, the khan’s grave is filled to the brim with untouched wealth, and Genghis Khan himself sits on a golden throne.

The fall of Genghis Khan in the Galusia of the rights and rules of war

Historians confirm that the Mongolian empire during the reign of Genghis Khan became truly democratic. Despite his reputation as a ruthless barbarian that had developed in the Sunset, Genghis Khan created a highly publicized policy that was not expected of a European ruler at that time.

A humble slave can easily rise to the rank of army commander if he has demonstrated sufficient military valor.

The military supply is divided equally among all the soldiers who took part in the battle, regardless of their social status.

Having replaced most rulers at that time, Genghis Khan trusted his loyal followers more than members of his own family.

The Great Khan prevented the kidnapping of his wives, perhaps, often to the powerful informing his retinue, as he happened to be captured from captivity. In addition, this practice led to wars between different groups of Mongols.

It guaranteed freedom of religion, protecting the rights of Buddhists, Muslims, Christians and Hindus. Genghis Khan himself, worshiping heaven, defended the murder of priests, Chens and mullahs.

The Great Khan also stole the incompleteness of envoys and ambassadors, including warlords, regardless of the information they brought.

During the reign of most of the conquered peoples, the Mongols did not practice tortura v'alni.

According to the rules, the laws that were in force in the Mongol Empire were enforced by the khan himself - all Mongols lived before the law, regardless of their material and espoused state, this principle was implemented even harshly.

Temujin's vote by Genghis Khan and the unification of the Mongols

As a result of the military successes and Temuchin’s reputation as an ideal steppe ruler, “people flocked to his nine-tailed ensign, no longer in families or dozens, but in hundreds... They chose their own door, however, without mergens and radniks, but formations of people with a military spirit And I deeply appreciate the data."

The fragments around Temujin had now gathered most of the Mongol leaders with their people, then they, having discussed this right at the polls, unanimously recognized this as the final moment to vote him Khan-Emperor. The famous representatives of the steppe aristocracy who took part in these elections - Altan, Khuchar and the Seche-beks, who did not hesitate to present their claims to the rank of khan, so as not to interrupt the candidacies of the nobleman - Temuchin, p. If the decision was made, they voted for you about Here are the names of fees in the current viruses:

“We want to vote you as Khagan-Emperor. If you become Khagan, then in battles against numerous enemies we will be at the forefront, and if we are full of beautiful maidens and squads, then we will honor them for you. In hunts for animals, we will act first for each other. we will find and capture animals "If we overstep your punishments in military battles, or in a calm hour we violate your rights, then take away our squads and peacefully and leave us in the deserted deserts."

“So the stinks swore an oath,” continues “The Secret Message,” “and they voted Temuchin as khan and called him Chinggis.”

In these words, the ordering can, however, be read between the rows and obligations, which, according to the concepts of the elections, can be carried out by the emperor. Obligations lie with those who are responsible for leading them to victory - to victory - to deliver the steppe nomad's desires for the blessings of life: black-eyed beauties, hot horses, smooth pasture for thinness, a good place for the field bath. For seeing the rightful share of all these benefits for the valedictor, you may lose enough of your associates.

There is no satisfactory explanation of the name “Chingis” anywhere. According to the visiting Mongols, the Oirats-Kalmik, the literal meaning of the word means “mitsny”, “strong”. But this significance can be brought not so much to the understanding of the physical as to the spiritual: to the mind, character, etc. On this basis, some writers consider the word “Chingis” to be equivalent to the concept of “infirm”, which, however, comes close to Temuchin’s character, but still seems one-sided, since it retains the idea of ​​​​the hardness of only a few people And, do not dwell on the mental and physical side of people. It is noteworthy that among the Mongolian aristocracy at that time the titles were “bagadur” (for the physically strong, good-looking), “sechen” (for the wise), then the name Chinggis, given to Temuchin, completely corresponds to everyone of great significance, fragments of Temujin In addition to their obvious physical talents, which were guessed at in the previous sections, they were endowed with rare intelligence, strong will, military and organizational talents, and red-bloodedness; The totality of all these things in one person can be expressed in one word: “Chingis”.

With the versatility of his gifts, Chinggis Khan, based on historical characteristics, comes closest to Julius Caesar, and the military genius in him prevails over all other values: all his lives, from 10 to 72 years , rode on horseback and died on the march.

Temujin's vote by Chinggis Khan was the right of representatives of most of the Mongol tribes, but not all, because another part of the people with several aristocratic families was with Jamukha; The Kerait tribe, subject to Wang Khan, as well as the Naiman power and the White Tatars, lost their position to these united states.

And now, with the first hope that Genghis Khan has installed, the creation of a single Mongolian State is still within reach.

However, those tribes, which had already known his rule, represented the kingdom, for the number of souls, of such a great size and occupied such great lands that it was necessary - even before the achievement of the indicated mark and it is useful from their re-examinations - subbats about the possible grouping of sub-domestic tribes in one place . For which, first of all, it was necessary to establish a stable measure of information, and the need to protect the central government from the unpleasant upheavals that were ever possible in this situation, in which the Mongol power was to blame, was of paramount importance - organization of the headquarters of the supreme ruler of the state and reliable approaches for her protection. In some cases, such as those of the administrative ranks, Chinggis Khan initially revealed great organizational talent.

His headquarters became the true center of the great power that would emerge. To communicate and transmit their orders to the people, they organized a round-up of the higher-ups, in our terminology, of orderlies and couriers, who “like arrows” were scattered throughout all the lands under their control. In the steppe power, which is easy to understand about postage, telegraph and saloons, the organization of such horse couriers was an extremely reasonable innovation, which had never been practiced before Chinggis Khan, admittedly, on such a great scale; Later, this organization was introduced throughout the Mongolian state, denying further development in the form of establishing lines of “pits” - Yamsk stations, which were, on one side, stages for the transfer and further delivery of mail, and from the other - p supplies for gardeners and chickens Yeriv, who were entrusted with especially important written and verbal orders and communications. When the monarchy of Chinggis Khan developed into the character of a Light Empire, expanding into Russia and China, the border of its line grew into a great power establishment, which served not only the government, but also private needs in the world. synahs, which gave access to the heart of Mongolia to the mandravniki from far away Europe: Plano Carpini, Rubruk and Marco Polo Chinggis Khan wanted to provide trade with such security and such security that it would be possible, as we have learned, for the entire empire to wear gold on their heads, as the first court or, not succumbing to either robbery or oppression.

The entire Empire was covered with a thick network of such mail lines. "Yam" immediately conceded the functions of daily telegraphs, rack stakes and mail. Kozhen long way was divided into plots, which were cared for by special “road governors”, burdened by the unbound power in the sphere of jurisdiction of every one of them and how small the military force was - to the command of the current gendarmes - then the leaders They are committed to order and safety within their plot. Under them, there were departments, in which, among others, a registration was carried out of the people that were being transported and the goods that were being transported. There were clear indications along the lines of such firm power that at that time the plundering of the great tracts had already begun in the Mongol Empire. For example, under the attack of Chinggis Khan, the routes between Khiva and Crimea were so well controlled that it was possible to travel from Khiva to Crimea without the slightest trouble and along the entire length of the route, after spending almost three months, without the need was taking with him some grub, so that everything necessary could be taken away from the Gothels.

The right to lead the horses at the Yamsk stations, obviously, belonged to the couriers who carried dispatches for the khan or his order. With just one word, the worst of it was thrown at them. These people, flying like guns, paid distances of up to 250 versts for their spoils. Whenever a horse is replaced during a race between two pits, consider about 25-30 versts as a return, such a courier has the right to take the place of a horse that has died from the first-timer. The couriers under the Mongols were provided with special tablets (paiza), with images of a gyrfalcon.

Marco Polo gives a detailed description of the pits. According to this data, up to 300,000 horses performed postal service in the Empire (in the 13th century). There were more than 10,000 postal units, furnished with great luxury. At some stations there were 400 horses per station. On others, the number ranged from 50 to 200. Reconciliations were made both on horseback and on wheels; Riding on coachman's carts was always carried out with a crank to advance the pit about the approach of the coachman's cart, in order to avoid delays in the supply of fresh horses.

At that historical moment, on which we have so far focused, the organization of notification was, of course, simple and served as the head rank for military and most important administrative needs. As it was said, before the same period, Chinggis Khan’s campaigns lay in order to organize his headquarters. Having secured all the connections between the regions of one’s power, one must rely on two trusted individuals to fully control it. With this important recognition, Keruv was not based on the nobility of the gait, but on the type of necessary work and the tried and true loyalty of his own person, which was the result of the first vassals for a long time - Boorchu and Jelme, as And they submitted to it, if they were still young and young. The first one was the son of a commoner, the one who was rich in wealth, and the other one was the son of the farrier of his father.

At that time, as Chinggis Khan performed in such a manner to consolidate his young power, his enemies did not sleep. Jamukha's wisdom was so significant among the tribal leaders of the yoma that they, having once gathered (around 1201) on the birch of the Argun River, voted him "Gurkhan", which means "National Khan"; This was a direct cry to Chinggis Khan, especially since in this vote the role of the warlord of his coalition, in which his powerful uncle (on his mother’s side), the leader of the great Merkits Tokhta-begi, took part, took part the son of the aged Wang Khan, who trying to conduct his own power, subordinated to Father's, policy.

Chinggis Khan, with his powerful caution, secured support from the side of his ally Van Khan; After this war, he set out on the campaign in 1202. having given his great named brother and his allies, the measure of decisive defeat. Jamukha big; The canopies under his control succumbed to the overcoming.

This success was achieved, among other things, due to the great discipline that Chinggis Khan had in his army, which sense was to root in the new power of the warriors who were eager to rush to plunder the video boot for the first time. It was suggested to the cross-border warriors that after victory was achieved, the battles would be fairly divided among all the participants in the battle; In addition, they were obviously afraid of severe punishment for not listening. In addition, Chinggis Khan, who at the development of his military leadership had already realized before this hour that only zeal, regardless of everyday misfortune, at the re-examined target can ensure victory over the situation by which enemy, having given his military offensive order before the battle of Jamukha. :

“If you are successful, then do not chase after everything, after everything is completed, divide it equally. to attack again and again; to those who, having entered, flee from repeat the attack, cut off the head.

The army of Jamukhi, who did not maintain the strict discipline of the Chinggis warriors, during the battle with them they quickly became embarrassed and became angry. The glory of Genghis Khan grew, and more and more new leaders of the canopies and tribes passed into service and citizenship. And at the same hour, representatives of the famous canopies - Altan, Khuchar and others who had acquiesced to him earlier, having switched from the mercy of their desperation to those who Temuchin would be a rumored beast in their hands, smelt the new one submitted to Wang Khan in the hope that I will help them to decide to kill Chinggis Khan. In this manner, regardless of Jamukha’s shock, bewitching the Mongol monarch, the coalition did not disintegrate, but was strengthened by new members; Once upon a time, the most active participants managed to pull Wang Khan into their orbit, who hopes that he will effectively fight the progress of his ally and rival.

Until now, he has been diligently supporting the allied forces with his name father, from which all sorts of benefits arise; at the same hour, in order to bring Wang Khan's thoughts out of the way at the meeting, Chinggis Khan ordered himself with composure, masterfully handing over his ally to the conflict with his outgoing vessels at the right moment, if he himself tried to do so, What will you do in the open air? against the ruler of the Keraites. However, once again this cunning policy was disrupted, confronted by the even greater approach of enemies.

To characterize the approach of Van-khan, let us quote the following heroes from the “Secret Tale”: “Van-khan went on to say: “Yesugey-anda (names brother) once already turned me away from the people I killed; nini sin yogo, Temujin, having turned me away from the people; For whom did my father and my son do this? Now I'm old; To whom will I hand over control of my people? My young brothers are without merit; There is only sin Sengum, but it’s still the same as if it didn’t exist. I love Temujin as Sengum’s elder brother, so that I will have two blues; “Then I will be calm,” for which reason they agreed with Chinggis and formed an alliance between father and son, saying to each other: “In wars with enemies we will fight together, in hunts on animals we will fight together. If people cook us, we will not hear and believe them, and then we will only switch if we speak in a special way.”

The advance against the new Van Khan was a disappointment for Genghis Khan. The attack of the nobleman was to end without any suddenness: about the approach of Wang Khan's army and his allies, he was defeated by two shepherds. This gave him the opportunity to strengthen his army before the battle, but on the battle front there was a numerical superiority, since Chinggis Khan had more than 4,600 warriors in the ranks.

Before the battle, Van Khan asked Jamukha, who formed the following question: “Who are Temujin’s main fighters?” Toy vidpov: “Two clans - Urud and Mangud - are his good warriors; they will not get embarrassed in a feckless (roxious) battle and from childhood they are accustomed to lists and swords; their ensigns are either colored or black; if they appear, then you need to be careful."

Even though Chinggis Khan was able to repel the attack, he himself turned out to be too weak to inflict a decisive defeat on Wang Khan. At this battle, which took place in the Halagun-ol area, Van Khan's son Sengum, one of the most important enemies of Chinggis Khan, was wounded by an arrow; On the Mongol side, the third son of the khan, Ogedei, and two of his trusted companions were wounded: Boro-Kula and Boorchu.

Chinggis Khan realized that with a decisive victory over Wang Khan it was necessary to gather more forces; that is, after the battle, having made an entrance, supporting the horses with underfeed, and giving repairs to the soldiers; Just before he left, his army was reinforced. In order to win for more than an hour, he tried to enter into negotiations with Wang Khan, managing to reveal his blue-skinnedness, telling him about his great services and preaching the world. The axis of the display with its characteristic “narrative”:

“Now, oh Khan, my father! Like a dream, appearing from behind the gloom, you came to me and, like a fire that came quietly before you, you appeared before me; your hunger until half the day was completely absorbed and sated; I haven’t lost one thing in a month.” you are naked, everything is covered... How can I say: what kind of sense does this have? ".

“Now, oh Khan, my father! After that, I flew, like a gyrfalcon, to Mount Chorgi, past Buir-nor; I took for myself cranes, whose legs were blue and polka dotted. What do you say: who stinks? - Tribe of Durbens and Tatars... Another time, I became a young, bow-breasted gyrfalcon, walked beyond Kukunor and took for you blue-colored cranes and gave you... What do you say, who stinks?.. me. This is not my right to you .

“Now, oh khan, my father! Since you have asserted the right to me, why have you brought me harm? And I claim all the rights to you as long as I have brought you benefits. Why do you bark to me? repair “You don’t allow your daughters-in-law and sons to sleep peacefully? I, your son, without ever saying that my share is small, I want more, because it’s rotten, I want better.”

The story, which immediately sent Chinggis Khan to Altan and Khuchar (Khujar), says: “I lived through a lot of efforts and zusillya (at the kurultai) and said: be you king and khan. You did not fare well. I was put to the extreme. You, Khuchar, I said: you are the son of Khatul Khagan, who was the king, - you also did not become. I will not deprive my grandfathers of erased, I will not waste and will not waste my life and the status of theirs." I thought that since I am a king and have become the head of the army for the rich lands, it is necessary not to be indifferent to the friends; I am taking (in the war) a rich herd iv, stud , tents and people and giving you, for you, on the steppe clearing, I controlled the transition and drove the mountain animals from your back.

At this point, a message was sent to Van Khan and Altan s Khuchar from Chingis Khan in the name of their Sengum: “We are fighting; whoever can overcome us will be the khan,” and with the order: “Make an army, dismiss the ensigns, beat the drums, bring out the horses.” , then launch an offensive and go straight to Genghis Khan.

Having rejected such a confirmation, Chinggis Khan received the greatest satisfaction for continuing the fight against Wang Khan. Tim soon decided to gain a few new allies.

Well, a new one is inevitable. To put him in the brightest minds, Genghis Khan resorted to a trick. At the same time, in his entire life, he knew the forests so masterfully that the enemy wasted his trace. To reassure Chinggis Khan's army, Van Khan sent, incredibly, as well as the famous vengeance he took from Chinggis Khan's full brother, Khasar, depriving Khasar's squad and children as guarantors. Khasar, having effectively detected his brother, having removed him, without turning back especially to Van-khan, sent to another one of his people with reports that the Mongolian army had not been found anywhere, and with a proposal to send to new, Khasar, trusted people for testimony that in This territory is all empty.

The trick was completely successful, trusted people arrived, the stinks were accumulated by Chinggis Khan and, perhaps, the cruel sound of the hour, under the threat of such a crisis, Chinggis Khan was encouraged in all the details of the establishment of the Keraite rati. It turned out that the station was experiencing complete absence of turbos, and the Wang Khan station was experiencing endless banquets.

Having secured this valuable information, Chinggis Khan quickly withdraws his army from the ambush, makes a forced march in the morning to the warden's camp, leaving at once at the leader's headquarters and, regardless of the immediate support, makes the enemy Once again decisive lesions. Wang Khan and his son, both wounded, were allowed to flow in by small mail, and most of his people who were lost alive managed to take their own. Van Khan left the Naiman region, otherwise there would be murders there; A dozen hours later the same fate fell upon my restless son Sengum. This happened, for Sanan-Sechen, in 1196 rubles.

After this victory, there was an offensive fall, which characterizes the position of Genghis Khan before the defeat of the enemies and clearly depicts the steppe sounds. One great badass of Van Khan said to Chinggis Khan: “It was important for me to allow you to go and kill my rightful master, so I fought with you for three days to give the Khan the hour to die; now, if you punish me with death, I will die; ". If I don’t live, then I will try for you.” Chingis Khan Vidpovi: “Whoever did not want to leave his lord, so as to allow his hour to pass away, fought with me alone, well done. Be my comrade."

So Chinggis Khan always and everywhere supported aristocratic ambushes: the power of the feudal lord over the vassal, the master over the slave, the desire for loyal servants and, punishing the death of his master’s friends, wanting the rest to be his enemy. Volodar of the Mongols here determined the true understanding and ideal of the steppe aristocracy, as it was written by their leader and was blindly given to him.

The victory over the Keraits, which brought Chinggis Khan under the rule, brought about a strong split of tribes, which gave, obviously, a rich species and brought an even greater number of peoples of the Mongolian plateau to the rich military glory of the victory, could have To satisfy the ambition of the cross-border nomadic ruler. It was not because of such a test that Genghis Khan grew up, and it was not in his heart to rest on his laurels after his successes.

With a strong commitment to uniting the disputed Mongolian tribes of Central Asia, administrative steps are being taken to ensure peaceful coexistence of the indigenous Kerait tribe with other peoples under their control. , and at the same time actively preparing for the inclusion of the force of the war in the creation of the unification of the western tribes, Only a few have lost their position due to these national goals. “The beauty of the skin,” he often told his sons, “is that it will be brought to an end.” Through three fates that passed after he defeated Wang Khan, his warriors, who had been killed in battles, were able to penetrate deeply into the lands of the Naiman and Uyghurs, two peoples who were closely related to the Mongols of culture, from which the Naiman By the end of the 12th century, significant powers had been reached.

The agent for launching the campaign against the Naiman (although Chinggis Khan did not demand any successors) was delivered to him by the Naiman sovereign Tayan Khan himself, who, in the spring of 1204, was inspired by the growing power of the Volodar of the Mongols. establish an offensive alliance against Genghis Khan with the sovereign of the Ongut tribe, Ala-Kush. According to the words of the Persian chronicle, the request before entering into the alliance was laid out in the offensive message: “To say that in these times a new king appeared in the name of Chinggis Khan. We only know for sure that there are two in heaven: the sun and the month “And in what order will two Volodars reign on this land? Be my right hand and help me in the army, so that we can take his sagaidak, that step, the khanate.”

Ale Ala-Kush, more likely at the dawn of Genghis Khan, less at the dubious happiness of Tayan Khan, wanting to bring to the attention of Genghis Khan the more beautifully about the proposition he had rejected. The remaining one has assembled a kurultai, which is likely to defeat Tayan Khan by attack. Everything was already ready for the campaign: Genghis Khan’s army invaded the Naiman country, which occupied the Altai region. 16 rubles 1204 rub. A general battle ensued, in which Chinggis Khan especially concentrated his army, entrusting the leadership of his center to his brother, the strongman Juchi-Khasar. The Naiman army was broken up. Tayan Khan died at the sich.

The invulnerable Jamukha took part in this battle, who, after Van Khan defeated the known forts of the Naimans and was under the storm of Tayan Khan before the advance against Chinggis Khan. “Skhovane Opov”, which describes the battle of the Mongols with the Naiman, the epically small feats of the knights of Chinggis Khan and himself, reveals that during one hour of the battle, Tayan fed Jamukha, who was with him: “Who and how to re-examine our yak Wolves, if they want to marry a flock of sheep right up to the barn? Jamukha said: “Tse are the crazy Temuchin, profited by human meat; by tying them to a climbing lance; These dogs have copper foreheads, hanging teeth, spiked tongues, and filthy hearts. Instead of the horse batog, they have crooked patterns. The stench is drinking dew, ezd. wind; in battles they devour human flesh. Now the stench has descended from the Lancsug, their lines are flowing, the stench is joyful. These are the psi: Jebe, Khubilai, Jelme, Subutai." Then Tayan asked Jamukha again: "Who is behind, like a hungry rogue, who rushes forward?" Jamukha confirmed: "Here is Temuchin-anda, the burden is from head to toe armor; The dumb hungry rogue arrived here. Chi bachish yogo? You said earlier that only the Mongol appears like a lamb, and he saves by the skin. Marvel now."

Having finished with the Naimans, Chinggis Khan sent raids and raids to root out the other tribes. At 1205 rub. Genghis Khan sent Subutai to leave the military. The foundation of the ancient tribes is responsible for catching the children of Tokhti who flowed in. Genghis Khan punishes Yoma: “The stinks, having learned defeats in the battle with us, rushed out from us, like a wild horse with hooks on our shoulders or like a shot deer. If the stink flies to the sky on wings, be a falcon and catch them. like mice, burrow into the ground, be a good shovel and dig them up. From which you can see the will of Chinggis Khan reaching the mark. It’s not enough to break the enemy - the fruits of Chinggis Khan’s victory are manifested either from the roots or from the knowledge puppies' enemies. But if the enemy enters, we will not be able to overcome it, so it is important that Genghis Khan, having previously followed his life, began to act, and this tactic was also inherited by the scientists of his military school.

Jamusa could not reach anyone else, which is why this people's leader, all abandoned, became the leader of the robbers, and then saw Chinggis Khan with his own people. The faithful Chinggis Khan strategized his citizens and great friend, as stated in the Mongolian “Tales”, wanting to have mercy, and then he himself asked for mercy: “Let Temuchin allow him to die without shedding blood...” Vikonano, after which Temuchin ordered his superior to conduct a funeral."

After the conquest of the incoming tribes, Chinggis Khan became the infallible leader of the entire region from Altai to the Chinese Wall. The unification of all the lands that belonged to it into one power, undoubtedly, meant the intention of reviving the Ancient Mongol-Turkic Empire of the 11th century. The unification of the neighboring independent Mongol tribes into one people and the organization of them into one power was the first and closest command of Genghis Khan; Carrying out the task in life was not without great friction. It is necessary to respect that until this hour in the steppe in the surrounding vassals it was customary to go with your tribe to another sovereign or become independent. Having thoroughly killed Jamukh, after this they went to the 13-river Temuchin, ruled by the late father’s tribes along with the Tayjiuts. Similarly, Khasar, the brother of Chinggis Khan, had fought with one military leader and “with his people” until once again. It became necessary to strengthen the history of more “self-control” and the authority of Chinggis Khan; His string of organization, based on the strict supremacy of both the administration and the military part, the resumption of his power is felt through and everywhere - everything has faded away, it has not maintained such a strong , fastidious nature, yakim buv Khasar.

However, the government begins to realize its power and does not allow, as before, the disobedient to go without punishment, but forces a punitive roundup for them in the presence of Subutai-Bagadur and brings them to submission.

The beasts did not weaken in the distance: in the epic bilinny account of Sanan-Sechen, the stench emanates clearly. One day, Khasar and Belgut, the brothers of Chinggis Khan, said to the following: “Chingis Khan is too unjust and greedy for power. I'll help you eat the disobedient." .

The king, having learned about these words, turned against the old one, literally repeating Odysseus on the right and thereby littering them. In 1190, after Sanan-Sechen, Chingis Khan conquered the 31st tribe and gained victory over him. Just after this hour Said-Samudzhin, Chinggis Khan, took a look at the eagle, donated by the Buryat tribe, on his black horse, and rejected the news about the new storm against him. Vanchik Khan from the Jurjid tribe rose up and pishov, Chinggis Khan himself chased after him with his army and instilled them with humility, and their tents burned all the rest of the science.

In 1192, Chinggis Khan fought against the Solong tribe (Koreans), having tried three fates; During this hour, the rooted tribes did not give in, as they strove to submit with their right hand. After returning from this campaign, Chinggis Khan and his brothers once asked Prince Burke-Chilgir, known to us of the Tayjiut tribe, for a banquet. This prince was first in honor of the place, where he sat with Genghis Khan and his brothers, digging a hole and covering it with kilims. Ahead of his mother, Chinggis Khan gave advance orders: “Khasar - bow at the ready! Belgut, you will lose the call of the wagon! You, Khadzhikin, follow the horses! You, Yutseken, will be with me! You, nine eagles, "Leave me! And you, three hundred okhoronts, are going to waste your time!"

On the right it ended with Khasar, the famous archer, standing at the door of the tent, shooting all the guilty men with a swing.

Genghis Khan completed his closest conquests at the end of the day: at 1195 rubles. rooted to the Sartagol (Sarti) tribe, 1196 bring roots to Tibet; then the three provinces of Kara-Tibet submit. Then Chinggis Khan ruled over great purity, turning back from one campaign, falling asleep and distributing the city to his military leaders, distributing treasures to the people. Genghis Khan, as Sanan Sechen says, declaring to the people:

“By order of the great king, Tengri Hurmuzd, my father, I ordered 12 earthly kingdoms, I brought to the vastness of Swaville the various princes, the great number of people who wandered from the evil ones and brought Yes, I have collected them and united them in one, and "So I'm getting more of what I earned. Now I want to give peace to my body and soul."

However, the renewal of such a great Empire could only be achieved by people of extraordinary abilities. You don’t need to forget that the tribes united by Genghis Khan into one people were separated from each other over hundreds of miles of barren and waterless wastelands, that, like nomads, they passionately loved freedom and that the stinks were countless. “The willpower of the military, administrative and political power was due to the people’s mothers,” M.I. Ivanin said, “in order to organize their dominion and people... in order to date their devices, it is necessary suitable for creating a numerical army, and to organize them strict discipline."

The famous Marco Polo says this about Chinggis Khan during his period of life: “Conquering every region, without destroying the population, without destroying their rights of power, but only planting some of his people among them, going with others to a distance for war, and if people are rooted The edges were reshaped, so that they reliably protect their waters and so that they would not tolerate any evil under his rule, and also if the stinks recognized his nobility as a sovereign, the stinks then became given over to him. With heart and soul and through great enemies they became his given servants. himself, in such a manner, a great mass of faithful people - a mass that, it seemed, could cover all the accusations of the earth, by starting to think about the world-wide conquest.”